CHAPTER 2 Flashcards
Include causal factors from the fields of genetics and neuroscience
Biological Dimensions
Include causal factors from behavioral and cognitive processes
Psychological Dimensions
Contribute in a variety of ways to psychopathology, as do social and interpersonal influences
Emotional Influences
Figure in any discussion of cause of psychological disoders
Developmental Influences
Attempts to trace the origins of a behavior to a single cause.
One-Dimensional Model
Psychopathology can be caused by multiple influences of multi-factors
Multidimensional Model
Implies that any particular influence contributing to psychopathology cannot be considered out of context
Systemic/Feedback Loop
A common cause of fainiting
Vasovagal Syncope
A possible cause of the vasovagal syncope is an overreaction of a mechanism called
Sinoaortic Baroreflec Arc
Individuals inherit tendencies to express certain traits or behaviors, which may then be activated under conditions of stress
The Diathesis-Stress Model
A condition that makes someone susceptible to developing a disorder
Diathesis
The study of how the nervous system, specifically the brain, works to understand our behavior, emotions, and cognitive processes.
Neuroscience
Processes all information received from our sense organs an reacts as necessary
Central Nervous System (CNS)
Facilitate the sending of messages to and from the brain
Spinal Cord
Brain uses an average of 140 billion nerve cells. Control our thoughts and action and transmits information throughout the nervous system
Neurons
One brand of neuron
Dendrites
Other branch of neuron that transmits impulses to other neurons
Axon
Any one nerve cell may have multiple connections to other neurons
Synapses
The goal to revolutionize out understanding of the human brain, which organizes every facet of our existence
Human Genome Project
Within each neuron, information is transmitted through these electrical impulses
Action Potentials
The space between the terminal button of one neuron and the dendrite of another
Synaptic Cleft
The biochemicals that are released from the axon of one neuron and transmit the impulse to the dendrite receptors of another neuron
Neurotransmitters
Neurotransmitters that increase the likelihood that the connecting neuron fire
Excitatory
Neurotransmitters that decreases the likelihood that the connecting neuron will fire
Inhibitory
Passive cells that merely served to connect and insulate neurons
Glia (Glial) Cells
Lower and more ancient part of the brain; handles automatic functions like breathing, sleeping, and moving around in a coordinated way
Brain Stem
Lowest part of the brain; regulates automatic activities like breathing, heartbeat, and digestion
Hindbrain
Lowest part of the brain: controls motor coordination; associated with autism
Cerebellum
Located in the brain stem; coordinates movement with sensory input and contains parts of the reticula activating system
Midbrain
Top of the brain stem; regulating behavior and motion
Thalamus and Hypothalams
Base of the forebrain, just above the thalamus and the hypothalamus, regulate our emotional experiences and expressions and ability to learn and to control our impulses
Limbic System
Base of the forebrain; control motor activity; damage will cause changing our posture or twitching or shaking
Basal Ganglia
Largest part of the forebrain; allows us to look to the future and plan, to reason, and to create
Cerebral Cortex
Responsible for verbal and other cognitive processes
Left Hemisphere
Better at perceiving the world around us and creating images
Right Hemisphere
Recognizing various sights and sounds and with long-term memory storage
Temporal Lobe
Recognizing various sensations of touch and monitoring body positioning
Parietal Lobe
Integrating and making sense of various visual inputs
Occipital Lobe
Involved in motor function, expressive language, and cognitive skills
Frontal Lobe
Front (or anterior) of the frontal lobe responsible for higher cognitive functions such as thinking and reasoning, planning for the future, and long-term memory
Prefrontal Cortex
Coordinates with the brain stem to make sure the body is working properly
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Controls the muscles
Somatic Nervous System
Sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system. Regulate the cardiovascular system (for example, the heart and blood vessels)
Autonomic Nervous System
Endocrine System: The chemical messenger produced by the endocrine gland that is released directly into the bloodstream
Hormone
Endocrine System: Produces epinephrine (adrenaline) in response to stress as well as salt- regulating hormones
Adrenal Gland
Endocrine System: Produces thyroxine which facilitates energy metabolism and growth
Thyroid Gland
Endocrine System: A master gland that produces a variety of regulatory hormones
Pituitary Gland
Endocrine System: Produces sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone
Gonadal Gland
Responsible for mobilizing the body during times of stress or danger by rapidly activating the organs and glands under its control.
Sympathetic Nervous System
Takes over after the sympathetic nervous system has been active for a while, normalizing our arousal and facilitating the storage of energy by helping the digestive process
Parasympathetic Nervous System
The cortical part of the adrenal glands also produces the stress hormone cortisol
Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenocortical Axis
The ends of chromosomes to protect the chromosome from deteriorating
Telomere
Increases the activity of a neurotransmitter by mimicking its effects
Agonists
Decreases or blocks neurotransmitter
Antagonist
Produce effects opposite to those produced by the neurotransmitter
Inverse Agonists
After a neurotransmitter is released, it is quickly broken down and brought back from the synaptic cleft into the same neuron that released it.
Reuptake
Excitatory transmitter that “turns on” many different neurons, leading to action
Glutamate
An inhibitory neurotransmitter that Inhibits (or regulate) the transmission of information and action potentials
Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA)
In the monoamine category of neurotransmitters. Regulates our behavior, moods, and thought
processes
Serotonin
The BETA-BLOCKERS keep blood pressure and heart rate down.
Norepinephrine
Reward and pleasure neurotransmitter. Play a significant role in depression and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Dopamine
Also called psychosurgery; particularly in the case of OCD when the suffering is severe and other treatments have failed.
Neurosurgery
Treated the patients with a cognitive-behavioral therapy known to be effective in OCD
Exposure and Response Prevention
Offers another window on psychological factors directly affecting brain functioning.
Placebo Effects
Tailoring in the treatment to the individual patient in order to optimize therapy outcome
Precision Medicine
Albert Bandura; modeling or observational learning
Social Learning
Things that have happened in the past but can’t remember the events
Implicit Memory
Conscious memory for events
Explicit Memory
The alarm reaction that activates during potentially life- threatening emergencies.
Fight or Flight Response
A more persistent period of affect or emotionality
Mood
An enduring or recurring states of depression or excitement (mania).
Mood Disorder
Characterized by enduring or chronic anxiety; could also be called mood disorder.
Anxiety Disorder
Both anxiety disorder and mood disorder; a term not formally used in psychopathology.
Emotional Disorder
The valence dimension of an emotion
Affect
Periods of excitement with periods of extreme sadness and distress, when they feel that all is lost and the world is a gloomy and hopeless place
Mania
If hopelessness becomes acute, they are at risk for suicide. A defining feature of many mood disorders.
Depression
Characterized by exaggerated startle responses and other observable fear and anxiety reactions.
Fright Disorders
An individual believes that he or she has become the object of black magic or witchcraft and is suddenly badly frightened. From Latin America; describes various anxiety-based symptoms
Susto
Sentence of death by a medicine may create an intolerable autonomic arousal in the participant, who was little ability to cope because there is no social support. Friends and family ignore the individual because they assume death has already occurred – ultimately leading to damage in the internal organs and death.
Haitian Phenomenon of Voodoo Death
A severe eating disorder that occurs almost entirely in young females.
Bulimia Nervosa
What we _______ is strongly influenced by our social environments.
Fear
The likelihood of you having a particular phobia is powerfully influenced by your _______
Gender
A large number of studies have demonstrated that the geater the number and frequency of _________ relationships and __________, the longer you are likely to live.
Social; contacts
The effects of social and interpersonal factors on the expression of physical and psychological disorders may differ with ________
Age
The principle of ______________ is used in developmental psychopathology to indicate that we must consider a number of paths to a given outcome
Equifinality
