Chapter 2

Question 1

Response

Answer 1

A single instance or occurrence of a specific class or type of behavior

Question 2

Behavior

Answer 2

The portion of an organism’s interaction with its environment that involves movement of some part of the organism

Question 3

Environment

Answer 3

The conglomerate of real circumstances in which the organism or referenced part of the organism exists

Question 4

Stimulus

Answer 4

An energy change that affects an organism through its receptor cells

Question 5

Consequence

Answer 5

A stimulus change that follows a behavior of interest

Question 6

Antecedent

Answer 6

An environmental condition or stimulus change existing or occurring prior to the behavior of interest

Question 7

Contingency

Answer 7

Dependent and/or temporal relations between operant behavior and its controlling variables

Question 8

Ontogeny

Answer 8

The history of the development of an individual or organism during its lifetime

Question 9

Selectionism

Answer 9

All forms of life naturally and continually evolve as a result of the interaction between function and the survival value of that function

Question 10

Phylogeny

Answer 10

The history of the natural evolution of a species

Question 11

Reinforcer

Answer 11

A stimulus change that increases the future frequency of behavior that immediately precedes it

Question 12

Punisher

Answer 12

A stimulus change that decreases the future frequency of behavior that immediately precedes it

Question 13

Automatic reinforcement

Answer 13

Reinforcement that occurs independent of the social mediation of others

Question 14

Automaticity of reinforcement

Answer 14

Behavior is modified by its consequences irrespective of the person’s awareness

Question 15

Aversive stimulus

Answer 15

A stimulus change or condition that functions either to evoke a behavior that has terminated it in the past, as a punisher when presented following behavior, or as a reinforcer when withdrawn following behavior

Question 16

Behavior change tactic

Answer 16

A method for changing behavior derived from one or more principles of behavior

Question 17

Conditioned punisher

Answer 17

A previously neutral stimulus change that functions as a punisher because of prior pairing with one or more other punishers

Question 18

Conditioned reflex

Answer 18

A learned stimulus-response functional relation consisting of an antecedent stimulus and the response it elicits

Question 19

Conditioned reinforcer

Answer 19

A stimulus change that functions as a reinforcer because of prior pairing with one or more other reinforcers

Question 20

Conditioned stimulus

Answer 20

A formerly neutral stimulus change that elicits respondent behavior only after it has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus or another CS

Question 21

Contingency-shaped behavior

Answer 21

Behavior acquired by direct experience with contingencies

Question 22

Contingent

Answer 22

Describes reinforcement or punishment that is delivered only after the target behavior has occurred