Chapter 2 Flashcards
4 Kinds of Data:
Nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio
____ Variable
- ____ level of measurement
- divided into several ____
- objects are measured by determining the category to which they belong
Nominal
- lowest
- categories
____ Variable
- represents the next higher level of measurement
- low level of ____
- ____ the data among the subjects
Ordinal
- magnitude property
- ranking
____ Variable
- possesses the properties of ____ and ____ between adjacent units
- can do better ____ as with ordinal scale because distance between attributes does have meaning
Interval
- magnitude and equal intervals
- determinations
____ Variable
- similar to attributes of interval scale
- there is always an ____
- some examples are variables like mass, kelvin, respiratory rate
Ratio
- absolute zero
Other ways of categorizing variables:
____: is one that theoretically can have an infinite number of values between adjacent units on the scale; decimals
____: is one in which there are no possible values between adjacent units on the scale
____: is a personality factor; can easily be measured without worrying about influence; relatively stable
____: is a fluctuating emotional experience; priming is required
Continuous variable
Discrete variable
Trait variable measurement
State variable measurement
_____ and _____’s OCEAN
_____ is the tendency to appreciate new art, ideas, values, feelings, and behaviors.
_____ is the tendency to be careful, on time for appointments, to follow rules, and to be hardworking.
_____ is the tendency to be talkative, sociable, and to enjoy others; the tendency to have a dominant style.
_____ is the tendency to agree and go along with others rather than to assert one’s own opinions and choices.
_____ is the tendency to frequently experience negative emotions such as anger, worry, and sadness, as well as being interpersonally sensitive.
Robert McCrae and Paul Costa Jr.
Openness
Conscientiousness
Extraversion
Agreeable
Neuroticism
____’s Basic Emotions:
Anger, happiness, surprise, sadness, disgust, fear
____ is a device or means of gathering data.
____: ability to measure what it is supposed to measure
____: consistency in measurement
Instrument
Validity
Reliability
Types of Validity:
____: seems to be fit (common sense); appearance seems acceptable
____: possesses the specific elements dictated by the theory
____: the measured variable is found to be related to another variable that it is supposed to be related to according to the theory
____: the measured variable is found to be unrelated to other measured variables
____: scores can predict the participants’ future performance (entrance exam predicts who will be honor students)
____: a newer instrument finding correlates with the results of an older/more reliable test
Face validity
Content validity
Convergent validity
Divergent (discriminant) validity
Predictive validity
Concurrent validity
Types of Reliability:
____: scores at two different time are related
____: scores on two forms of tests (same item/same content) are related
____: item within a scale is correlated
a. assessed through Spearman-Brown Coefficient: ____
b. assessed through Cronbach Alpha: ____
____: takers of the same test have related scores
a. tests have ____ if the scores produced out of them are similar across takers/raters (despite differences, takers produce results that are related)
Test-retest
Equivalent forms/Alternate forms
Internal consistency
a. Split-half reliability
b. Inter-item reliability
Interrater-reliability (Cohen’s Kappa)
a.interrater
Types of Measurement Errors:
What are the 3 random errors?
What are the 4 systematic errors?
Random and Systematic Errors
- Fluctuations in the person’s current mood
- Misreading or misunderstanding the questions
- Environment-driven errors (Place and date)
- Wrong styles of measurement
- Tendency toward self-promotion
- Prompting of the researchers
- Wrong instrumentation
