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Psychological Statistics > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

4 Methods of Establishing Truth

A

Authority, Rationalism, Intuition, Scientific Method

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2
Q

(Authority) Something is considered truth because of ____ or because _____ says it is true.

A

Tradition, some person of distinction says it is true

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3
Q

(Which method?) Most situations in our lifetime manifest this tendency of believing that something is true not because we prove it by ourselves but because _____ declares it.

A

Someone of good and strong reputation

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4
Q

Three Examples of Authority

A

Aristotle (Academy vs. Lyceum), Adolf Hitler, Jim Jones

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5
Q

Which method uses reasoning alone to arrive at knowledge?

A

Rationalism

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6
Q

____ assumes that if the premises are sound and reasoning is carried out correctly according to the rules of logic, then solutions yield the truth.

A

Rationalism

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7
Q

(Which method?) All happy people smile. Jefferson smiles. Jefferson is a happy person.

A

Rationalism

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8
Q

(Which method?) The arrival of an idea after all efforts of explanation had already failed; also called a ____

A

Intuition, sudden insight

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9
Q

“Eureka!” - _____

A

Archimedes

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10
Q

(Principle/Law) A body at rest in fluid is acted upon by a force pushing upward called the ____, which is equal to the weight of the fluid that the body displaces.

A

Archimedes Principle or Law of Buoyancy, Buoyant force

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11
Q

It is the utilization of a systematic process of gathering data to formulate a conclusion to a certain inquiry.

A

Scientific Method

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12
Q

Six Steps of Scientific Method

A
  1. Question
  2. Hypothesis
  3. Experiment
  4. Data
  5. Analyze
  6. Report
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13
Q

It is the practice or science of collecting and analyzing numerical data in large quantities.

A

Statistics

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14
Q

If Psychology is a Science = _____ will be part of its practice.

A

Statistics

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15
Q

If Psychology is a science, then it should always utilize the scientific method in creating ____ about human behaviors/mental processes.

A

Inferences

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16
Q

Scientific method entails data, and when data is ____, then statistics is necessary.

A

Numerical

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17
Q

When the sci. method is applied in psychology, it is called _____.

A

Psychological research

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18
Q

It is any property or characteristic of some event, object, or person that may have different values at different times depending on the conditions.

A

Variable

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19
Q

____ are scientifically manipulated by the investigator though not all type of study really manipulates it.

A

Independent variables

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20
Q

____ are measured to determine the effect/relationship/prediction of the independent variable.

A

Dependent variables

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21
Q

Use of [—->]

A

Affects/Effects

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22
Q

Use of [<—->]

A

Related/Relation

23
Q

Three things one must consider in combining variables to be studied:

A
  1. Theory
  2. Blind spot
  3. Utility
24
Q

(Creating research topics) Principle that can explain relationships and phenomenon

A

Theory

25
Q

(Creating research topics) Conflicting realities from various sources/Gaps in literature

A

Blind spot

26
Q

(Creating research topics) Contribution of the findings to the current knowledge body and society in general

A

Utility

27
Q

Categories of Psychological Research

A

Experiments and Observational/Non-experimental Studies

28
Q

These are studies in which IVs (Factor) are controlled to identify their effect on a certain DV (Criterion).

A

Experiments

29
Q

It identifies if one affects the other variable; implements random sampling and assignment.

A

True experiments

30
Q

It has the goal of looking for the influence of treatment but does not completely implement randomization (Sampling and assignment); also used in comparing groups based on traits or characteristics.

A

Quasi experiments

31
Q

No variables are manipulated, not to determine causality, in this category of psychological research.

A

Observational/Non-experimental Studies

32
Q

Three kinds of observational/non-experimental studies:

A

Naturalistic observation, parameter estimation, correlational studies

33
Q

Two types of experiments:

A

True and Quasi

34
Q

This is an accurate description of the situation being studied.

A

Naturalistic observation

35
Q

This estimates the level of one or more population characteristics (surveys, polls, market research).

A

Parameter estimation

36
Q

This aims to identify the presence of relationship/prediction between two or more variables.

A

Correlational studies

37
Q

Control groups, which do not receive treatment, are present in _____.

A

True experiments

38
Q

All groups receive treatment in ____.

A

Quasi experiments

39
Q

What kind of relationship?
Increase in food intake <—-> Increase in weight

A

Positive relationship

40
Q

What kind of relationship?
Increase in weight <—-> Decrease in speed

A

Negative relationship

41
Q

Who presented the new classification of non-experimental quantitative research?

A

Burke Johnson

42
Q

Three research objectives:

A

Descriptive, Predictive, Explanatory

43
Q

Three time dimensions:

A

Retrospective, Cross-sectional, Longitudinal

44
Q

(Research objective) Terms: mediator and moderator

A

Explanatory

45
Q

Seven types of research gaps (Other terms):

A

Evidence, knowledge, practical-knowledge, methodological, empirical, theoretical, population

46
Q

Results from studies allow for conclusions in their own right but are contradictory

A

Evidence gap

47
Q

Desired research findings do not exist

A

Knowledge gap

48
Q

Professional behavior or practices deviate from research findings or are not covered by research

A

Practical-Knowledge gap

49
Q

A variation of research methods is necessary to generate new insights or to avoid distorted findings

A

Methodological gap

50
Q

Research findings or propositions need to be evaluated or empirically verified

A

Empirical gap

51
Q

Theory should be applied to certain research issues to generate new insights; there is a lack of theory thus a gap exists

A

Theoretical gap

52
Q

Research regarding the population that is not adequately represented or under-researched in the evidence base or prior knowledge

A

Population gap

53
Q
A

Psychological Statistics (2 decks)

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