Chapter 1 Flashcards
4 Methods of Establishing Truth
Authority, Rationalism, Intuition, Scientific Method
(Authority) Something is considered truth because of ____ or because _____ says it is true.
Tradition, some person of distinction says it is true
(Which method?) Most situations in our lifetime manifest this tendency of believing that something is true not because we prove it by ourselves but because _____ declares it.
Someone of good and strong reputation
Three Examples of Authority
Aristotle (Academy vs. Lyceum), Adolf Hitler, Jim Jones
Which method uses reasoning alone to arrive at knowledge?
Rationalism
____ assumes that if the premises are sound and reasoning is carried out correctly according to the rules of logic, then solutions yield the truth.
Rationalism
(Which method?) All happy people smile. Jefferson smiles. Jefferson is a happy person.
Rationalism
(Which method?) The arrival of an idea after all efforts of explanation had already failed; also called a ____
Intuition, sudden insight
“Eureka!” - _____
Archimedes
(Principle/Law) A body at rest in fluid is acted upon by a force pushing upward called the ____, which is equal to the weight of the fluid that the body displaces.
Archimedes Principle or Law of Buoyancy, Buoyant force
It is the utilization of a systematic process of gathering data to formulate a conclusion to a certain inquiry.
Scientific Method
Six Steps of Scientific Method
- Question
- Hypothesis
- Experiment
- Data
- Analyze
- Report
It is the practice or science of collecting and analyzing numerical data in large quantities.
Statistics
If Psychology is a Science = _____ will be part of its practice.
Statistics
If Psychology is a science, then it should always utilize the scientific method in creating ____ about human behaviors/mental processes.
Inferences
Scientific method entails data, and when data is ____, then statistics is necessary.
Numerical
When the sci. method is applied in psychology, it is called _____.
Psychological research
It is any property or characteristic of some event, object, or person that may have different values at different times depending on the conditions.
Variable
____ are scientifically manipulated by the investigator though not all type of study really manipulates it.
Independent variables
____ are measured to determine the effect/relationship/prediction of the independent variable.
Dependent variables
Use of [—->]
Affects/Effects
Use of [<—->]
Related/Relation
Three things one must consider in combining variables to be studied:
- Theory
- Blind spot
- Utility
(Creating research topics) Principle that can explain relationships and phenomenon
Theory
(Creating research topics) Conflicting realities from various sources/Gaps in literature
Blind spot
(Creating research topics) Contribution of the findings to the current knowledge body and society in general
Utility
Categories of Psychological Research
Experiments and Observational/Non-experimental Studies
These are studies in which IVs (Factor) are controlled to identify their effect on a certain DV (Criterion).
Experiments
It identifies if one affects the other variable; implements random sampling and assignment.
True experiments
It has the goal of looking for the influence of treatment but does not completely implement randomization (Sampling and assignment); also used in comparing groups based on traits or characteristics.
Quasi experiments
No variables are manipulated, not to determine causality, in this category of psychological research.
Observational/Non-experimental Studies
Three kinds of observational/non-experimental studies:
Naturalistic observation, parameter estimation, correlational studies
Two types of experiments:
True and Quasi
This is an accurate description of the situation being studied.
Naturalistic observation
This estimates the level of one or more population characteristics (surveys, polls, market research).
Parameter estimation
This aims to identify the presence of relationship/prediction between two or more variables.
Correlational studies
Control groups, which do not receive treatment, are present in _____.
True experiments
All groups receive treatment in ____.
Quasi experiments
What kind of relationship?
Increase in food intake <—-> Increase in weight
Positive relationship
What kind of relationship?
Increase in weight <—-> Decrease in speed
Negative relationship
Who presented the new classification of non-experimental quantitative research?
Burke Johnson
Three research objectives:
Descriptive, Predictive, Explanatory
Three time dimensions:
Retrospective, Cross-sectional, Longitudinal
(Research objective) Terms: mediator and moderator
Explanatory
Seven types of research gaps (Other terms):
Evidence, knowledge, practical-knowledge, methodological, empirical, theoretical, population
Results from studies allow for conclusions in their own right but are contradictory
Evidence gap
Desired research findings do not exist
Knowledge gap
Professional behavior or practices deviate from research findings or are not covered by research
Practical-Knowledge gap
A variation of research methods is necessary to generate new insights or to avoid distorted findings
Methodological gap
Research findings or propositions need to be evaluated or empirically verified
Empirical gap
Theory should be applied to certain research issues to generate new insights; there is a lack of theory thus a gap exists
Theoretical gap
Research regarding the population that is not adequately represented or under-researched in the evidence base or prior knowledge
Population gap
