Chapter 1

Question 1

4 Methods of Establishing Truth

Answer 1

Authority, Rationalism, Intuition, Scientific Method

Question 2

(Authority) Something is considered truth because of ____ or because _____ says it is true.

Answer 2

Tradition, some person of distinction says it is true

Question 3

(Which method?) Most situations in our lifetime manifest this tendency of believing that something is true not because we prove it by ourselves but because _____ declares it.

Answer 3

Someone of good and strong reputation

Question 4

Three Examples of Authority

Answer 4

Aristotle (Academy vs. Lyceum), Adolf Hitler, Jim Jones

Question 5

Which method uses reasoning alone to arrive at knowledge?

Answer 5

Rationalism

Question 6

____ assumes that if the premises are sound and reasoning is carried out correctly according to the rules of logic, then solutions yield the truth.

Answer 6

Rationalism

Question 7

(Which method?) All happy people smile. Jefferson smiles. Jefferson is a happy person.

Answer 7

Rationalism

Question 8

(Which method?) The arrival of an idea after all efforts of explanation had already failed; also called a ____

Answer 8

Intuition, sudden insight

Question 9

“Eureka!” - _____

Answer 9

Archimedes

Question 10

(Principle/Law) A body at rest in fluid is acted upon by a force pushing upward called the ____, which is equal to the weight of the fluid that the body displaces.

Answer 10

Archimedes Principle or Law of Buoyancy, Buoyant force

Question 11

It is the utilization of a systematic process of gathering data to formulate a conclusion to a certain inquiry.

Answer 11

Scientific Method

Question 12

Six Steps of Scientific Method

Answer 12

1. Question
2. Hypothesis
3. Experiment
4. Data
5. Analyze
6. Report

Question 13

It is the practice or science of collecting and analyzing numerical data in large quantities.

Answer 13

Statistics

Question 14

If Psychology is a Science = _____ will be part of its practice.

Answer 14

Statistics

Question 15

If Psychology is a science, then it should always utilize the scientific method in creating ____ about human behaviors/mental processes.

Answer 15

Inferences

Question 16

Scientific method entails data, and when data is ____, then statistics is necessary.

Answer 16

Numerical

Question 17

When the sci. method is applied in psychology, it is called _____.

Answer 17

Psychological research

Question 18

It is any property or characteristic of some event, object, or person that may have different values at different times depending on the conditions.

Answer 18

Variable

Question 19

____ are scientifically manipulated by the investigator though not all type of study really manipulates it.

Answer 19

Independent variables

Question 20

____ are measured to determine the effect/relationship/prediction of the independent variable.

Answer 20

Dependent variables

Question 21

Use of [—->]

Answer 21

Affects/Effects

Question 22

Use of [<—->]

Answer 22

Related/Relation

Question 23

Three things one must consider in combining variables to be studied:

Answer 23

1. Theory
2. Blind spot
3. Utility

Question 24

(Creating research topics) Principle that can explain relationships and phenomenon

Answer 24

Theory

Question 25

(Creating research topics) Conflicting realities from various sources/Gaps in literature

Answer 25

Blind spot

Question 26

(Creating research topics) Contribution of the findings to the current knowledge body and society in general

Answer 26

Utility

Question 27

Categories of Psychological Research

Answer 27

Experiments and Observational/Non-experimental Studies

Question 28

These are studies in which IVs (Factor) are controlled to identify their effect on a certain DV (Criterion).

Answer 28

Experiments

Question 29

It identifies if one affects the other variable; implements random sampling and assignment.

Answer 29

True experiments

Question 30

It has the goal of looking for the influence of treatment but does not completely implement randomization (Sampling and assignment); also used in comparing groups based on traits or characteristics.

Answer 30

Quasi experiments

Question 31

No variables are manipulated, not to determine causality, in this category of psychological research.

Answer 31

Observational/Non-experimental Studies

Question 32

Three kinds of observational/non-experimental studies:

Answer 32

Naturalistic observation, parameter estimation, correlational studies

Question 33

Two types of experiments:

Answer 33

True and Quasi

Question 34

This is an accurate description of the situation being studied.

Answer 34

Naturalistic observation

Question 35

This estimates the level of one or more population characteristics (surveys, polls, market research).

Answer 35

Parameter estimation

Question 36

This aims to identify the presence of relationship/prediction between two or more variables.

Answer 36

Correlational studies

Question 37

Control groups, which do not receive treatment, are present in _____.

Answer 37

True experiments

Question 38

All groups receive treatment in ____.

Answer 38

Quasi experiments

Question 39

What kind of relationship? Increase in food intake <----> Increase in weight

Answer 39

Positive relationship

Question 40

What kind of relationship? Increase in weight <----> Decrease in speed

Answer 40

Negative relationship

Question 41

Who presented the new classification of non-experimental quantitative research?

Answer 41

Burke Johnson

Question 42

Three research objectives:

Answer 42

Descriptive, Predictive, Explanatory

Question 43

Three time dimensions:

Answer 43

Retrospective, Cross-sectional, Longitudinal

Question 44

(Research objective) Terms: mediator and moderator

Answer 44

Explanatory

Question 45

Seven types of research gaps (Other terms):

Answer 45

Evidence, knowledge, practical-knowledge, methodological, empirical, theoretical, population

Question 46

Results from studies allow for conclusions in their own right but are contradictory

Answer 46

Evidence gap

Question 47

Desired research findings do not exist

Answer 47

Knowledge gap

Question 48

Professional behavior or practices deviate from research findings or are not covered by research

Answer 48

Practical-Knowledge gap

Question 49

A variation of research methods is necessary to generate new insights or to avoid distorted findings

Answer 49

Methodological gap

Question 50

Research findings or propositions need to be evaluated or empirically verified

Answer 50

Empirical gap

Question 51

Theory should be applied to certain research issues to generate new insights; there is a lack of theory thus a gap exists

Answer 51

Theoretical gap

Question 52

Research regarding the population that is not adequately represented or under-researched in the evidence base or prior knowledge

Answer 52

Population gap