CHAPTER 2 Flashcards
Theories under Sociological Theory
- Social Structure Theory
- Social Process Theory
- Social Control Theory
- Social Conflict Theory
They view delinquency as a product of different social factors and dynamics
Sociological Theory
● They hold that delinquency is a function of a person’s place in the economic structure.
● They recognize that various sources of crime data show that crime rates are highest in neighborhoods characterized by poverty and social disorder
● Based on position on socio-economic
Social Structure Theory
● This focuses on the condition within the urban environment that affects crime rates. A disorganized area is one in which institutions of social control such as family, and commercial establishments; schools have broken down and can no longer carry out their expected or state functions.
● Breakdown of social control mostly found in inner city
Social Disorganization Theory
FACTORS resulting to Social Disorganization/ breakdown of social control
1) Psychological Factor
▪︎ conflict
▪︎ competition
▪︎ accomodation
2) cultural conflict
▪︎ malajustment of existing institution
3) Biological
▪︎ population
▪︎ intercast marriage
4) physical Factor
▪︎ Flood
▪︎ Storm
▪︎ other calamity
5) Social problems
▪︎ criminality
▪︎ poverty
▪︎ unemployment
▪︎ corruption
This theory was introduced by Robert Merton, he believed that deviant behavior was caused by conditions in social structures. The society created strain between culturally prescribed goals and socially structure to achieved these goals. Adaptation are conformity, innovation, ritualism, retreatism and rebellion
Strain Theory
Inability of individual to achieva culturally valued goals that causes
▪︎ frustration
▪︎ anger
▪︎ resentment
▪︎ disparity
▪︎ under great pressure
▪︎ goal is blocked
Strain Theory
Robert Agnew formulated this theory. It assumes that exposure to strain, especially on a persistent basis, increases the child’s risk for delinquency
General Strain Theory
This theory suggests that the root cause of criminality can be found in a clash of values between differently socialized groups over what is acceptable or proper behavior.
Culture Conflict or Culture Deviance Theory
They view delinquency as a result of poor or faulty socialization or upbringing
Social Process Theory
This theory was introduced by Albert Bandura, it assumes that people are born with no tendency to commit crimes but that they learn to be aggressive through their life experiences
Social Learning Theory
Edwin H. Sutherland introduced this theory in the late 1930’s. He was one of the first to state that criminal behavior was the result of normal social process resulting when individuals associated with the wrong type of people, often by no fault on their part
Differential Association Theory
It is the process by which individuals experience and anticipate the consequences of their behavior.
Differential Reinforcement Theory
Richard Cloward and Loyd E. Ohlin (1960) argue that to understand the different forms of delinquent and criminal behavior can take, we must consider the different types of illegitimate opportunities available to those who seek a way out of the underclass and where these opportunities lead.
Differential Opportunity Theory
David Matza and Gresham Syke view the process of becoming a criminal as a learning experience in which potential delinquents and criminals master techniques. This enables them to counterbalance or neutralize conventional values due to subterranean values
Neutralization Theory
This theory suggests that the social order is created by adults for adults Children are forced to conform to this order, despite their possible reluctance, because they lack the power to create meaningful social change.
Differential Oppression Theory
It contends that society labels certain people as deviant, and the selected people accepted the label, thus becoming deviant. When a person cominits a crime, there is no automatic process that labels the person a criminal
Labeling Theory
These theories maintain that all people have the potential to violate the law and that modem societies present many opportunities for illegal activities. It also views that crime takes place when social control or bonds to society break down. “Why people do not commit crime?”
Social Control Theory
Walter Reckless theory sought to explain why despite the various push and pull factors that may tempt individuals into criminal behavior, most people resist the pressures and remain law-abiding citizens
Containment Theory
Travis Hirschi emphasized that social control is about the role of the social relationships that bind people to the social order and prevent antisocial behavior
Social Bond and Self-control Theory
They hold that delinquent behavior is a product of economic inequality
Social Conflict Theories
Richard Quinney and William Chambliss, theory is based upon the view that the fundamental causes of crime are social and economic forces operating within the society.
Class Conflict Theory
Developmental Views of Delinquency
- Individual-Level Risk Factors
- Social Factors
- Community Factors
A large number of individual factors and characteristics have been associated with the development of juvenile delinquency
Individual-Level Risk Factors
Individual-Level Risk Factors (Developmental Views of Delinquency) include:
- Age
- Prenatal and Perinatal Factors
Children and adolescents’ interactions and relationships with family and peers influence the development of antisocial behavior and delinquency.
Social Factors
Social Factors (Developmental Views of Delinquency) include:
- Family Influence
- Family Structure
- Family Interaction
- Social Setting
- Peer Influences
In assigning responsibility for childrearing to parents, most Western cultures place a heavy charge on families. Such cultures assign parents the task of raising their children to follow society’s rules for acceptable behavior.
Family Influences
A risk factor for delinquency is growing up in a family that has experienced separation or divorced.
Family Structure
Even in intact, two- parent families, children may not receive the supervision, training, and advocacy needed to ensure a positive developmental course
Family Interaction
Where family lives affect the nature of opportunities that will be available to its members
Social Setting
A very robust finding in the delinquency literature is that anti- social behavior is strongly related to involvement with deviant peers.
Peer influences
Community Factors ( Developmental Views of Delinquency) include:
- Grade Retention
- School Suspension and Expulsion
- School Tracking
- Neigborhood
It refers to the practice of not promoting students to the next grade level upon completion of the current grade at the end of the school year.
Grade Retention
These are forms of school exclusion, with the students being presumably reserved for the most serious offenses
School Suspension and Expulsion.
Is also known as “ability grouping” or “streaming, describes teaching practices whereby students who seem to be similar in ability are grouped together for instruction
School Tracking / Academic tracking
Growing up in an adverse environment increases the likelihood that a young person will become involved in serious criminal activity during adolescence
Neighborhood
Types of Delinquency
- Environmental Delinquents
- Emotionally Maladjusted Delinquents
- Psychiatric Delinquents
These delinquents are characterized by occasional law breaking
Environmental Delinquents
They haracterized by chronic law-breaking, a habit which this type cannot avoid or escape from
Emotionally Maladjusted Delinquents
They are characterized by serious emotional disturbances within the Individual and in some cases associated with tendencies towards mental illness
Psychiatric Delinquents
Types of Delinquent Youths
- Social
- Neurotic
- Asocial
- Accidental
Aggressive youth who resent the authority of anyone who make an effort to control his behavior
Social Type of Delinquent Youth
These are youths who has internalize his conflicts and pre-occupied with his own feelings
Neurotic Type of Delinquent Youth
This delinquent act has a cold, brutal, furious quality for which the youth feel no remorse
Asocial Type of Delinquent Youth
They are less identifiable in character, essentially sociable and law abiding but it happens that he is in the wrong place at the wrong time and becomes involve in some delinquent act not typical to his general behavior
Accidental Type of Delinquent Youth
Special Categories of Children:
- Dependent Child
- Abandoned Child
- Neglected Child
One who is without parent, guardian or custodian or one whose parents, guardian or other custodian for good cause desires to be relieved to his care or his custody and is dependent to public for support.
Dependent Child
One who has no proper parental care or guardianship or whose parents or guardian have deserted him for a period of at least six continuous months
Abandoned Child
One whose basic needs have been deliberately unattended or inadequately unattended
Neglected Child
When the child is malnourished, ill, lack of or without proper shelters
Physical Neglect
When the children are maltreated, raped, or seduced, to working under condition not conducive to good health, made beg in streets or public places, when exposed the moral danger such as gambling, prostitution and other services
Emotional Neglect
The legal act of entrusting a child to the care of the DSWD or any duly licensed child placement or child caring agency or individual by court, parent or guardian or any interested party
Committed or Surrender of the Child
One whose parents have been permanently and judicially deprived of parental authority due to abandonment, substantial, continuous, or repeated neglect, abuse; or incompetence to discharge parental responsibilities.
Involuntary Committed Child
One whose parents knowingly and willingly relinquished parental authority to the DSWD or any duly licensed child- placement or child-caring agency or individual.
Voluntary Committed Child
Refers to a private non-profit or charitable institution or government agency duly licensed and accredited by DSWD to provide comprehensive child services, including but not limited to receiving applications for adoption or foster care, evaluating the prospective adoptive or foster parents and preparing the home study report.
Child Placing or Child Placement Agency
Refers to a private non-profit or charitable institution or government agency duly licensed and accredited by DSWD that provides 24 hour residential care services for abandoned, orphaned, neglected, involuntanly or voluntarily committed children
Child Caring Agency
Refers to the person appointed by the court where the case is pending for a child sought to be committed to protect his best interest
Guardian ad litem
A written report of the result of an investigation conducted by a social worker as to the socio-cultural, economic and legal status or condition of the child sought to be committed
Case Study Report
Refers to the right and duty of parents under the law of nature as well as the common law and the statutes of many states to protect their children, to care for them in sickness and in health, and to do whatever may be necessary for their care maintenance and preservation
Parental Authority
Includes mentally retarded, physically handicapped, emotionally disturbed and mentally ill children, children with cerebral palsy and those similar afflictions.
Disabled Child
Types of Behavioral Disorders
- Anti-social Behaviors
- Lying
- Stealing
- Truancy
- Vagrancy
- Emotional Disorders
- Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Oppositional Defiant Disorder
- Autism Spectrum Disorder
10 Anxiety Disorder - Depression
- Bipolar Disorder
Signs that a Child is suffering from behavioral Disorder
(DIPBA)
1. Defiance
2. Inattention
3. Physical Aggression
4. Blaming Others
5. Antisocial Behavior
Enumerate the Different Parenting Styles.
- Authoritarian Parenting
- Authoritative Parenting
- Permissive Parenting
- Uninvolved Parenting
Strict rules with no compromise, and no input from the children
Authoritarian Parenting
Strict rules but parents are willing to listen and cooperate with their children
Authoritative Parenting
Few rules, and few demands put on children. There is little to no discipline in this home, and parents typically take on the role of friend
Permissive Parenting
No rules and very little interaction These parents are detached and may reject or neglect their children.
Uninvolved Parenting
◇ Socially incompetent, socially inadequate, occupationally incompetent and unable to manage their own affairs
◇ Mentally sub-normal
◇ Retarded intellectually from birth or early age
◇ Retarded at maturity
◇ Mentally deficient as a result of constitutional origin through heredity or disease
◇ Essentially incurable
Mentally retarded children
◇ Crippled, deaf-mute, blind and other conditions which restrict their means of action or communication with others
Physically handicapped children
Unable to maintain normal social relations with others and the community in general due to emotional problems or complexes
Emotionally disturbed children
Those with any behavioral disorder, whether functional or organic, which is of such a degree of severity as to require professional help or hospitalization
Mentally ill children
A Canadian Psychologist. He believes that learning can be possible through:
Observation, Modeling and; Immitation
Albert Bandura
Theory associated with the saying:
“ Tell me who your friends are and I’ll tell you who you are”
DIFFERENTIAL ASSOCIATION THEORY
- inner self/ social control
- contented on what they have
- people focus on being law abiding citizen
CONTAINMENT THEORY
Four Elements in preventing anti-social behavior:
B- Beliefs
I- Involvement
A- Attachment
C- Commitment
This theory believes that behavior is a product of economic inequality
SOCIAL CONFLICT THEORY
Inequality Vs. Inequity
▪︎ Inequality -unjust distribution of resources
▪︎ Inequity - lack of fairness or justice
White collar crime Vs. Blue collar crime
▪︎ White collar crime - committed by public official
▪︎ Blue collar crime - committed by ordinary people
