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chapter 2 Flashcards

prenatal development, fetal learning, hazards to development

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1
Q

epigenesis

A

the emergence of new structures and functions in the course of development

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2
Q

gametes

A

reproductive, germ cells (egg and sperm) that contain only 1/2 the genetic material of all the other cells in the body

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3
Q

meiosis

A

a form of cell division in which the egg and sperm receive only one member from each other 23 chromosome pairs contained in all other cells of the body
- gametes are produced through this

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4
Q

conception

A

the union of an egg from the mother and a sperm from the father

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5
Q

zygote

A

a fertilized egg cell

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6
Q

embryo

A

the developing organism from the third to eighth week of prenatal development

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7
Q

fetus

A

the developing organism from the ninth week to brith

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8
Q

types of twins

A

fraternal (dizygotic) twins
identical (monozygotic) twins

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9
Q

fraternal (dizygotic) twins

A

twins that result when two eggs release in the fallopian tubes at the same time

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10
Q

identical (monozygotic) twins

A

twins that result from the splitting in half of the zygote

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11
Q

hormones

A

sexual differentiation

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12
Q

neural tube

A

a groove in the top layer of the differentiated cells in the embryo that eventually forms the brain/spinal cord

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13
Q

amniotic sac

A

a transparent fluid-filled membrane that surrounds and protects the fetus

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14
Q

umbilical cord

A

a tube containing the blood vessels connecting the fetus and placenta

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15
Q

placenta

A

a support organ for the fetus
- exchange of materials
- oxygen/nutrients (mother to fetus)
- carbon dioxide/waste products (fetus to mother)

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16
Q

cephalocaudal development

A

the pattern of growth in which areas near the head develop earlier than areas father from the head

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17
Q

statistics on pregnant women

A

25-50% of women experience miscarriages
- high incidence of infertility as well

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18
Q

developmental process

A
  1. cell division
  2. cell migration
  3. cell differentiation
  4. death
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19
Q
  1. cell division
A

mitosis
- results in 2 identical cells
- 12 hours after conception, zygote splits into 2 equal parts
- 2 to 4 to 8 to 16
- continues over 38 weeks
- newborn = trillions of cells

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20
Q
  1. cell migration
A

the movement of newly formed cells away from the point of origin
- neurons travel to the outer reaches of the developing brain

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21
Q
  1. cell differentiation
A

embryonic stem cells
- can give rise to any of the more than 200 possible cells types in the human body

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22
Q
  1. death
A

apoptosis
- genetically programmed cell death

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23
Q

fetal experience and behavior

A

touch, sight, taste, smell, hearing

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24
Q

touch (fetal experience)

A

contact with parts of the body
- grasps umbilical cord
- rubs face; suck thumb

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25
Q

sight (fetal experience)

A

minimal; can see light

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26
Q

taste (fetal experience)

A

can detect flavors in the amniotic fluid

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27
Q

smell (fetal experience)

A

amniotic fluid takes on oder from wha the mom eats
- phylogenetic continuity

28
Q

hearing (fetal experience)

A

responds to various sounds from at least six months

29
Q

movement (fetal experience)

A

fetal movement starts 5-6 weeks after conception
- hiccups/swallowing; limbs/fingers; respiratory readiness for breathing after birth

30
Q

fetal learning

A

habituation vs dishabituation

31
Q

habituation

A

a simple form of learning that involves a decrease in response to repeated/continued stimulation (30 week gestation)

32
Q

dishabituation

A

introduction of a NEW stimulus rekindles interest following habituation to repeated stimulus

33
Q

high amplitude sucking

A

experimental study
- after baby is born
- when they suck, a sound played (pacifier hooked up to a machine)

part 2
- reading to babies while in the womb
- after baby is born
- sucking = book being read
- babies who listened to cat in thee cat in the womb, sucked the pacifier more than the group of babies who didn’t listen to it

34
Q

teratogen

A

environmental agent
- ex: mornidine led to abnormalities in children (arms/legs)

35
Q

dutch hunger winter - fetal programming

A
  • women were pregnant during a famine in the Netherlands (Nazis blocked off all transport of food)
  • stress and under nutrition
  • exposure to famine in uterus had permanent effects
  • kids held on to more fat, thrifty genes
  • increased risk of heart disease, higher BMI when they got older
36
Q

drugs that could be harmful to newborns

A

prescription drugs
antidepressants
opioids
alcohol
cigarettes
marijuana

37
Q

prescription drugs

A

doctor needs to monitor

38
Q

antidepressants

A

7% of pregnant women take these

39
Q

opioids

A

neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS)

40
Q

neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS)

A

drugs pass to baby from placenta
- after brith, baby suffers withdrawal

41
Q

alcohol

A

fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
dose response relation

42
Q

fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

A

small head/eye opening
flat mid face, thin upper lip
facial deformities

43
Q

dose response relation

A

amount of intake varies results in infants

44
Q

cigarettes

A

sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

45
Q

sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

A

overheating causes irregular heartbeat

46
Q

marijuana

A

worse 5 year outcomes

47
Q

environmental pollutants

A

lead in drinking water
- micro and non plastics target organs

48
Q

maternal factors (hazardous to child)

A

age
nutrion
disease
virus
maternal mental health

49
Q

prenatal stress during pandemic

A
  • no main effects
  • high stress and covid exposure = differences in 6 month attention
  • decrease in 6 month attentional processing = decrease socioemotional and increase in neurodevelopment risk
50
Q

states

A

continuum of growth

51
Q

sleep stages

A

awake, light sleep, deep sleep, rem sleep

52
Q

rapid eye movement (REM) sleep

A

active sleep state, characterized by quick, jerky eye movements under closed eyelids
- dreaming

53
Q

non-REM sleep

A

quiet or deep sleep state characterized by absence of motor activity or eye movement
- more regular, slower brain waves, breathing, heart rate

54
Q

crying

A

for attention, illness, hunger, etc
- normal behavior
- peak: 6-8 weeks
decrease: 3-4 months

55
Q

soothing

A

cooling crying baby
swaddling

56
Q

swaddling

A

a soothing technique, used in many cultures; wrapping baby tightly

57
Q

response to stress options and outcomes

A
  1. quick response to crying = less crying months later
  2. ignoring crying = less crying weeks later
58
Q

colic

A

excessive, inconsolable crying by a young infant for no apparent reason
- 1/10 infants
- ends around 3 months
- no long term effects

59
Q

infant mortality

A

death during the first year after birth

60
Q

low birth weight (LBW)

A

less than 5.5 pounds
high level of medical complications and developmental delays

61
Q

very low birth weight (VLBW)

A

less than 3.3 pounds

62
Q

premature (preterm) babies

A

born before 37 weeks
small for gestational age

63
Q

long term outcomes at birth

A

special services and additional support may be important

64
Q

intervention factors

A

kangaroo care (skin to skin)
breast milk
CCC (cuddled, caressed, carried)
educational programs

65
Q

multiple risk models

A

range from attachment of language development to well-being

66
Q

poverty as a developmental hazard

A

multiple risks strongly related to lower SES –> structural racism

67
Q

resilience

A

when an infant develops successfully even with hazards such as low birth weight, poverty, or other teratogens

dev psych exam 1 (6 decks)

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