chapter 1

Question 1

plato

Answer 1

• emphasized self-control and discipline
• believed in innate knowledge

Question 2

aristotle

Answer 2

• more concerned with fitting child rearing to the needs of the individual child
• believed in knowledge coming from experience

Question 3

john locke

Answer 3

-tabula rasa (blank slate)
- believed in growth of character is most important
- discipline before freedom

Question 4

jean-jacque rousseau

Answer 4

• believed that parents and society should give children maximum freedom from the beginning
• freedom before discipline

Question 5

industrial revolution

Answer 5

many children iim Europe and the US worked as poorly paid laborers with few, if any, legal protections
- hazardous situations

Question 6

the earl of shaftesbury

Answer 6

• effort at social reform brought partial success
• legacy
• brought about the first child labor laws

Question 7

darwin’s theory of evolution

Answer 7

inspired a number of scientists to propose that intensive study of children’s development might lead to important insights into human nature

Question 8

enduring themes in child development

Answer 8

1. nature and nurture
2. the active child
3. continuity / discontinuity
4. mechanisms of change
5. the sociocultural context
6. individual differences
7. research and children’s welfare

Question 9

nature and nurture theme

Answer 9

how do they together shape development?

Question 10

the active child theme

Answer 10

how do children shape their own development?
- selective attention
- mom = priority
- crib speech
- toys and fantasy play

Question 11

continuity / discontinuity theme

Answer 11

in what ways is development continuous, and in what ways is it discontinuous ?

• jean piageet
• theory of cognitive development

Question 12

continuous

Answer 12

the idea that changes with the age occur in gradually small increments (curve)

Question 13

discontinuous

Answer 13

the idea that changes with age include occasional large shifts and steps (staircase)

Question 14

mechanisms of change theme

Answer 14

how does change occur?
- neurotransmitters among brain cells
- milestone (what/when)
- mechanism / statistical learning (how)
- factor (how)

Question 15

the sociocultural context theme

Answer 15

how does the sociocultural context influence development?

Question 16

individual differences theme

Answer 16

how do children become so different from one another ?
- genetic differences
- differences in treatment by parents and others
- differences in reactions to similar experiences
- different choices of environments

Question 17

research and children’s welfare theme

Answer 17

how can research promote children’s well-being?
- leads to practical benefits `

Question 18

the scientific method

Answer 18

an approach to testing beliefs that involves choosing a question, formulating a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis, and drawing a conclusion

Question 19

hypothesis

Answer 19

testable prediction of the presence of absence of phenomena or relations

Question 20

4 steps to the scientific method

Answer 20

1. choosing a question to be answered
   - stems from an observation
2. formulate a hypothesis regarding that question
3. develop a method for testing thee hypothesis
4. use the resulting data to draw a conclusion regarding the hypothesis

Question 21

interrater reliability

Answer 21

how much AGREEMENT there is in the observations of different raters who witness the same behaviors

Question 22

test-retest reliability

Answer 22

examining performance of the same test, administered under the same conditions multiple times

Question 23

internal validity

Answer 23

whether effects observed within experiments can be attributed with confidence to the factor of interest

Question 24

external validity

Answer 24

ability to generalize research findings beyond the specifics of the study

Question 25

types of interviews and questionnaires

Answer 25

structured interviews, questionnaire, clinical interviews

Question 26

structure interviews

Answer 26

all participants are asked to answer to the same question

Question 27

questionnaire

Answer 27

method to gather information from a large number of participants by presenting a uniform set of questions

Question 28

clinical interview

Answer 28

questions are adjusted in accord with the answers the interviewee provides

Question 29

naturalistic observation

Answer 29

watching behavior in real-world settings without truing to manipulate the situation

Question 30

pros and cons of naturalistic observations

Answer 30

pros - allows researchers to see the relevant behaviors without influencing those behaviors cons - might not see the behavior of interest and hard to know what caused a behavior - if participants notice the observer, they may act differently

Question 31

structured observation

Answer 31

presenting an identical situation to each participant and recording behaviors

Question 32

pros and cons of structured observations

Answer 32

pros - ensures all participants have the same experience/context cons - might be stages and not indicative of real behaviors - study scale error

Question 33

correlational designs

Answer 33

examines the extent to which two variables are associated

Question 34

correlations explained

Answer 34

--> closer to -1 or 1 = strong correlation --> variables move in the same direction = positive correlation --> as one variable goes up, the other goes down = negative correlation --> zero/constant line = no correlation

Question 35

direction of causation problem

Answer 35

we don't know which direction the variables are impacting each other --> scatterplot

Question 36

third variables problem

Answer 36

there could be a third variable that affects the ones present

Question 37

experimental designs

Answer 37

cause and effect

Question 38

random assignment

Answer 38

anybody could be assigned to any of the conditions

Question 39

variable manipulation

Answer 39

independent variable - changing it in multiple settings to see if the dependent variable changes

Question 40

research designs

Answer 40

cross sectional, longitudinal, micro genetic

Question 41

cross sectional design

Answer 41

(quick) research design that examines people of different ages at a single point in time - ex: collecting data from multiple different people of different ages - COHORT EFFECT

Question 42

cohort effect

Answer 42

effect observed in a sample of participants that results from individuals in the sample growing up at the same time

Question 43

longitudinal design

Answer 43

research design that examines development in thee same group of people on multiple occurrences over time - ex: minnesota twins study - ATTRITION

Question 44

attrition

Answer 44

participants dropping out of a study before it's done

Question 45

microgenetic

Answer 45

same participants are studied repeatedly over a short period of time - studying change and development as its happening