Chapter 2 Flashcards
Axial Skeleton
refers to the bones of the trunk, including the vertebrae, sacrum, ribs, and sternum.
Appendicular Skeleton
refers to the bones of the limbs, including the shoulder and pelvic girdles, and the hands and feet.
Sagittal (median, midline) Plane
Divides the body into symmetrical right and left halves
Coronal (Frontal) Plane
passes through bregmaand divides the body into anterior and posterior halves and is placed at right angles to the sagittal plane.
Traverse (horizontal) Plane
plane slices through the body at any height but always passes perpendicular to the sagittal and frontal planes.
Superior
toward the head end of the hominid body.
Inferior
opposite of superior; for hominids, body parts away from the head.
Anterior
toward the front of the hominid body.
Posterior
opposite of anterior; for hominids, toward the back of the individual.
Medial
toward the midline.
Lateral
opposite of medial; away from the midline.
Proximal
nearest the axial skeleton, usually used for limb bones.
Distal
opposite of proximal; farthest from the axial skeleton.
Extrinsic
external to that which it acts upon.
Intrinsic
internal to that which it acts upon.
Superficial
closer to the surface.
Deep
opposite of superficial; far from the surface.
Subcutaneous
just below the skin.
Process
a bony prominence.
Eminence
a bony projection; usually not as prominent as a process.
Spine
generally a longer, thinner, sharper process than an eminence.
Tuberosity
a large, usually rugose (roughened) eminence of variable shape; often a site of tendon or ligament attachment.
Tubercle
a small, usually rugose eminence; often a site of tendon or ligament attachment.
Trochanter
one of two large, prominent, blunt, rugose processes found only on the femur.
Malleolus
a rounded protuberance adjacent to the ankle joint.
Articulation
an area where adjacent bones are in contact (via cartilage or fibrous tissue) at a joint.
Condyle
a rounded articular process.
Epicondyle
a nonarticular projection adjacent to a condyle.
Shaft
the long, straight section between the ends of a long bone
Epiphysis
in general usage, usually the end portion or extremity of a long bone that is expanded for articulation.
Neck
the section of a bone between the head and the shaft.
Crest
a prominent, usually sharp and thin ridge of bone; often formed between adjacent muscle masses.
Line
a raised linear surface, not as thick as a torus or as sharp as a crest.
Fossa
a depressed area; usually broad and shallow.
Fovea
a pit-like, depressed area; usually smaller than a fossa.
Groove
a long pit or furrow.
Sulcus
a long, wide groove.
Fontanelle
a space between cranial bones of an infant.
Suture
where adjacent bones of the skull meet (articulate).
Foraman
an opening through a bone, usually a passage for blood vessels and nerves.
Canaliculus
a very small passage or duct.
Meatus
a short, wide canal.
Sinus
a cavity within a cranial bone.
Alveous
a tooth socket.
