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Kinesiology > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

How do body parts move?

A

External or Internal force
Internal force is responsible for movement and positioning of the bony segments of the body is the action of the skeletal muscle

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2
Q

Skeletal Muscle Basics

A
  • Over 600 skeletal muscles make 40-50% of body weight
  • 215 pairs of skeletal muscles work together for opposite actions
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3
Q

Aggregate Muscle Action

A

Muscles work in groups rather than independently to achieve a given joint motion

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4
Q

4 properties of skeletal muscle tissue

A
  1. Irritability/Excitability (sensitive to stimuli)
  2. Contractility (ability to develop tension)
  3. Extensibility (ability to be passively stretched)
  4. Elasticity (able to return to resting length)
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5
Q

What effects do muscles’ shape and fiber arrangements have?

A
  • Muscles ability to exert force is greater or lesser
  • Range through which it can effectively exert force onto bones
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6
Q

Muscles’ Cross Sectional Area

A
  • factor in muscles ability to exert force
  • greater cross section diameter is greater force exertion
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7
Q

Muscle’s ability to shorten

A

longer muscles can shorten through a greater range
more effective in moving joints through large ranges of motion

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8
Q

Muscle Shapes

A

flat, fusiform, strap, radiate, sphincter or circular

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9
Q

Flat

A

thin and broad
ex: rectus abdominis and external oblique

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10
Q

Fusiform

A

spindle shape
ex: brachioradialis and brachialis

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11
Q

Strap

A

long parallel
ex: sartorius

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12
Q

Radiate

A

triangular
ex: pectoralis major and trapeziusS

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13
Q

Sphincter or Circular

A

open & close circular
ex: orbicularis oris and oculi

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14
Q

Pennation Angle

A

Pennate Angles have greater cross section and force capacity
Fibers run obliquely

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15
Q

Unipennate
Bicepennate
Multipennate

A

run obliquely on 1 side (biceps femoris)
run obliquely on 2 sides (rectus femoris)
run obliquely on many sides (deltoid)

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16
Q

Action

A
  • specific movement of joint resulting from a concentric contraction of a muscle which crosses joint
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17
Q

Innervation

A
  • segment of nervous system defined as being responsible for providing stimulus to fibers
  • a muscle can be innervated by more than one nerve
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18
Q

Tendon

A

fibrous connective tissue, often cordile in appearance
connects muscles to bones

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19
Q

Aponeurosis

A

A tendinous expansion of dense fibrous connective tissue that is sheet-like/ribbon like
looks like a flattened tendon

20
Q

Fascia

A

A sheet or band of fibrous connect tissue that binds muscles, organs, and soft tissues
In certain places like joints like the wrist and ankle

21
Q

Origin

A

the proximal attachment of a muscle or the part that attaches closest to the midline or center of body
least moveable

22
Q

Insertion

A

the distal or part that attaches furthest away from the midline or center of the body
most movable part

23
Q

Name the two types of muscle contractions and describe them.

A

Isometric: Static / joint angle stays the same
Isotonic: Dynamic / joint movement

24
Q

Name the two types of isotonic contractions

A

Concentric: Muscle shortening / More force than applied resistance
Eccentric: Muscle lengthening / more resistance than muscle force

25
Q

Agonist Muscle

A

Some are primary mover muscles that contribute heavily to joint motion and some are assister agonist movers that contribute less

26
Q

Antagonist Muscles

A
  • Located opposite of joint from agonist
  • opposite concentric action
  • contralateral muscles
  • work in cooperation with agonist muscles through relaxation
    EX: biceps antagonist to triceps
27
Q

Stabilizer Muscles

A
  • surround joint or body part
  • contract to stabilize the area to enable another limb or body part for movement and force
28
Q

Synergist Muscles

A
  • assist in action of agonists
  • assist in refined movement and rule out undesired motion
29
Q

Neutralizer Muscles

A
  • counteract action of another muscle to prevent undesired movements
30
Q

Force Couples

A
  • 2 or more forces are pulling in different directions
31
Q

Lines of Action

A

Muscles pull toward the angle of pull, they don’t push

32
Q

3 types of neurons

A

Sensory- afferent
Motor- efferent
Interneuron- communicator/connector

33
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

SAME DAVE
Sensory Afferent Motor Efferent
Dorsal Afferent Ventral Efferent

34
Q

Proprioception

A

SUBCONCIOUS MECHANISM that regulates posture and movement

35
Q

Kinesthesis

A

CONCIOUS AWARENESS of the position and movement of body in space

36
Q

Golgi Tendon Organ

A
  • proprioceptor that is sensitive to muscle tension and active contraction
  • requires greater stretch to be activated
37
Q

Muscle Spindle

A
  • proprioceptor that runs parallel with muscle fibers that is sensitive to stretch
38
Q

Myotatic Reflex

A
  • when stretch occurs, an impulse (from spindle and GTO) is sent to CNS then activates motor neurons and contraction happens
39
Q

Patellar Tendon Reflex

A

Stretches muscle and hits muscle spindle and GTO and you kick to relieve tension

40
Q

Motor Unit

A
  • “All or None” Activation
    If an action potential reaches the motor unit, all fibrs with it are 100% activated
  • fingers have more small motor units than big muscles like glutes
41
Q

Subthreshold Stimulus

A

No contraction due to lack of strength of stimulus

42
Q

Threshold Stimulus

A

Single motor unit

43
Q

Submaximal Stimulus

A

Multiple Motor Units

44
Q

Maximal stimulus

A

All motor units, past this has no effect

45
Q

Summation

A

when a successive stimuli is placed before relaxation stage and combine for a sustained contraction

46
Q

Tetanus

A

Stimuli so high that no relaxation should occur
(think about tetanus and all the muscles contract up)

47
Q

Treppe

A

multiple maximal stimuli provided to rested muscle ay a low frequency to allow complete relaxation between contractions

Kinesiology (4 decks)

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