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Medical Terminology (ch. 2, 3, 4, 11, 13, 9, 14) > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

anatomical reference systems

A

Terms used to describe the location of body planes, directions, and cavities.

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2
Q

structures of the body

A

The cells, tissues, and glands that form the body systems that work together to enable the body to function properly.

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3
Q

genetics

A

The genetic components that transfer characteristics from parents to their child.

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4
Q

tissues

A

A group of similarly specialized cells that work together to perform specific functions.

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5
Q

glands

A

A group of specialized cells that is capable of producing secretions.

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6
Q

body systems and related organs

A

Organs are somewhat independent parts of the body that perform specific functions. Organs with related functions are organized into body systems.

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7
Q

pathology

A

The study of the nature and cause of disease that involve changes in structure and function.

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8
Q

aden/o

A

gland

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9
Q

adip/o

A

fat

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10
Q

anter/o

A

before, front

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11
Q

caud/o

A

lower part of body, tail

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12
Q

cephal/o

A

head

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13
Q

cyt/o

A

cell

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14
Q

-cyte

A

cell

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15
Q

end-

A

in, within, inside

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16
Q

endo-

A

in, within, inside

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17
Q

exo-

A

out of, outside, away from

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18
Q

hist/o

A

tissue

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19
Q

-ologist

A

specialist

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20
Q

path/o

A

disease, suffering, feeling, emotion

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20
Q

-ology

A

the science or study of

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21
Q

-pathy

A

disease, suffering, feeling, emotion

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22
Q

plas/i

A

development, growth, formation

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23
Q

plas/o

A

development, growth, formation

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24
Q

-plasia

A

development, growth, formation

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25
Q

poster/o

A

behind, toward the back

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26
Q

-stasis

A

control, maintenance of a constant level

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26
Q

-static

A

control, maintenance of a constant level

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27
Q

abdominal cavity

A

contains the major organs of digestion.

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28
Q

adenoma

A

benign tumor that starts in the epithelial tissue of a gland or gland-like structure.

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28
Q

adenocarcinoma

A

a malignant tumor that originates in the glands and may spread to other parts of the body.

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29
Q

anaplasia

A

a change in the structure of cells and in their orientation to each other.

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30
Q

anatomy

A

the study of the structures of the body

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31
Q

anomaly

A

a deviation from what is regarded as normal.

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32
Q

anterior

A

situated in the front

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33
Q

aplasia

A

the defective development, or the congenital absence, of an organ or tissue.

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34
Q

atresia

A

congenital absence or narrowing of a normal body opening or passage

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35
Q

autopsy

A

a postmortem examination

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36
Q

bloodborne transmission

A

the spread of pathogens through infected blood or other body fluids.

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37
Q

caudal

A

toward the lower part of the body

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38
Q

cephalic

A

toward the head

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39
Q

chromosome

A

a genetic structure located within the nucleus of each cell.

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40
Q

communicable disease

A

any condition that is transmitted from one person to another either directly or by indirect contact with contaminated objects.

41
Q

congenital disorder

A

an abnormal condition that exists at the time of birth.

42
Q

distal

A

situated farthest from the midline or beginning of a body structure.

42
Q

cytoplasm

A

the material within the cell membrane that is not part of the nucleus.

43
Q

dorsal

A

the back of the organ or body

44
Q

dysplasia

A

“the abnormal development or growth of cells, or the presence of abnormal cells within a type of tissue.”

45
Q

endemic

A

the ongoing presence of a disease within a population, group, or area.

46
Q

epidemic

A

a sudden and widespread outbreak of a disease within a specific population group or area.

46
Q

endocrine glands

A

produce hormones, do not have ducts

47
Q

etiology

A

the study of the causes of diseases or abnormal conditions.

47
Q

epigastric region

A

located above the stomach

47
Q

exocrine glands

A

secrete chemical substances into ducts that lead either to other organs or out of the body.

48
Q

functional disorder

A

a condition that produced physical symptoms for which no disease or other organic cause can be identified.

48
Q

genetic disorder

A

a pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene.

48
Q

hemophilia

A

a hereditary bleeding disorder in which a blood-clotting factor is missing.

48
Q

geriatrician

A

a physician who specializes in the care of older people.

49
Q

histology

A

the microscopic study of the structure, composition, and function of tissues.

50
Q

hyperplasia

A

an increase in he number of cells in a tissue or organ.

50
Q

homeostasis

A

the processes through which the body maintains a constant internal environment.

51
Q

hypertrophy

A

a general increase In the bulk of a body part or organ due to an increase in the size, but not the number, of cells in the tissues.

52
Q

hypogastric region

A

located below the stomach.

52
Q

infectious disease

A

an illness caused by living pathogenic organisms such as bacteria and viruses.

52
Q

iatrogenic illness

A

an unfavorable response due to prescribed medical treatment.

52
Q

hypoplasia

A

the underdevelopment of an organ or tissue, usually due to a deficiency in the number of cells.

53
Q

idiopathic disease

A

any disease without a known cause.

54
Q

inguinal

A

relating to the groin, refers to the entire lower area of the abdomen.

54
Q

medial

A

the direction toward, or, nearer the midline.

54
Q

mesentery

A

a fused double layer of the parietal peritoneum that attaches parts of the intestine to the interior abdominal wall.

55
Q

midsagittal plane

A

also known as the midline, the sagittal plane that divides the body into equal left and right halves.

55
Q

nosocomial infection

A

a disease acquired in a hospital or clinical setting.

55
Q

pandemic

A

an outbreak of a disease occurring over a large geographic area, sometimes even worldwide.

55
Q

peritoneum

A

a multilayered membrane that protects and holds the organs in place within the abdominal cavity.

55
Q

peritonitis

A

inflammation of the peritoneum.

55
Q

pathology

A

the study of disease

55
Q

pelvic cavity

A

the space formed by the hip bones and contains the organs of the reproductive and excretory systems.

56
Q

posterior

A

situated in the back or on the back part of an organ.

56
Q

physiology

A

the study of the functions of the structures of the body.

56
Q

proximal

A

situated nearest the midline or beginning of a body structure.

57
Q

retroperitoneal

A

located behind the peritoneum.

58
Q

stem cells

A

unspecialized cells that are able to renew themselves for long periods of time by cell division.

58
Q

transverse plane

A

a horizontal plane that divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions.

58
Q

thoracic cavity

A

also known as the chest cavity or thorax; surrounds and protects the heart and lungs.

58
Q

syndrome

A

a set of signs and symptoms that occur together as part of a specific disease process.

59
Q

umbilicus

A

commonly known as the belly button or navel, this pit in the center of the abdominal wall marks the point where the umbilical cord was attached before birth.

60
Q

vector-borne transmission

A

is the spread of certain disease through blood-sucking vectors.

61
Q

ventral

A

refers to the front, or belly side, of the organ or body.

62
Q

a-

A

without

63
Q

ana-

A

backward

64
Q

ger-

A

old age

65
Q

ped-

A

child

66
Q

-ior, -ic, -al, -ar, -ac, -eal, -tics, -ose

A

pertaining to

67
Q

-oma

A

tumor

68
Q

-plasm

A

formative material of cells

69
Q

-trophy

A

development

70
Q

-crine

A

secrete

71
Q

-iatrics

A

field of medicine

72
Q

superior

A

above

73
Q

retro

A

behind

74
Q

inferior

A

below

75
Q

abdomin/o

A

abdomen

76
Q

pelv

A

pelvis

77
Q

chondr/i

A

cartilage

78
Q

lumb

A

lower back

79
Q

periton

A

peritoneum

80
Q

ili

A

hip bone

Medical Terminology (ch. 2, 3, 4, 11, 13, 9, 14) (8 decks)

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