Chapter 2 Flashcards
anatomical reference systems
Terms used to describe the location of body planes, directions, and cavities.
structures of the body
The cells, tissues, and glands that form the body systems that work together to enable the body to function properly.
genetics
The genetic components that transfer characteristics from parents to their child.
tissues
A group of similarly specialized cells that work together to perform specific functions.
glands
A group of specialized cells that is capable of producing secretions.
body systems and related organs
Organs are somewhat independent parts of the body that perform specific functions. Organs with related functions are organized into body systems.
pathology
The study of the nature and cause of disease that involve changes in structure and function.
aden/o
gland
adip/o
fat
anter/o
before, front
caud/o
lower part of body, tail
cephal/o
head
cyt/o
cell
-cyte
cell
end-
in, within, inside
endo-
in, within, inside
exo-
out of, outside, away from
hist/o
tissue
-ologist
specialist
path/o
disease, suffering, feeling, emotion
-ology
the science or study of
-pathy
disease, suffering, feeling, emotion
plas/i
development, growth, formation
plas/o
development, growth, formation
-plasia
development, growth, formation
poster/o
behind, toward the back
-stasis
control, maintenance of a constant level
-static
control, maintenance of a constant level
abdominal cavity
contains the major organs of digestion.
adenoma
benign tumor that starts in the epithelial tissue of a gland or gland-like structure.
adenocarcinoma
a malignant tumor that originates in the glands and may spread to other parts of the body.
anaplasia
a change in the structure of cells and in their orientation to each other.
anatomy
the study of the structures of the body
anomaly
a deviation from what is regarded as normal.
anterior
situated in the front
aplasia
the defective development, or the congenital absence, of an organ or tissue.
atresia
congenital absence or narrowing of a normal body opening or passage
autopsy
a postmortem examination
bloodborne transmission
the spread of pathogens through infected blood or other body fluids.
caudal
toward the lower part of the body
cephalic
toward the head
chromosome
a genetic structure located within the nucleus of each cell.
communicable disease
any condition that is transmitted from one person to another either directly or by indirect contact with contaminated objects.
congenital disorder
an abnormal condition that exists at the time of birth.
distal
situated farthest from the midline or beginning of a body structure.
cytoplasm
the material within the cell membrane that is not part of the nucleus.
dorsal
the back of the organ or body
dysplasia
“the abnormal development or growth of cells, or the presence of abnormal cells within a type of tissue.”
endemic
the ongoing presence of a disease within a population, group, or area.
epidemic
a sudden and widespread outbreak of a disease within a specific population group or area.
endocrine glands
produce hormones, do not have ducts
etiology
the study of the causes of diseases or abnormal conditions.
epigastric region
located above the stomach
exocrine glands
secrete chemical substances into ducts that lead either to other organs or out of the body.
functional disorder
a condition that produced physical symptoms for which no disease or other organic cause can be identified.
genetic disorder
a pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene.
hemophilia
a hereditary bleeding disorder in which a blood-clotting factor is missing.
geriatrician
a physician who specializes in the care of older people.
histology
the microscopic study of the structure, composition, and function of tissues.
hyperplasia
an increase in he number of cells in a tissue or organ.
homeostasis
the processes through which the body maintains a constant internal environment.
hypertrophy
a general increase In the bulk of a body part or organ due to an increase in the size, but not the number, of cells in the tissues.
hypogastric region
located below the stomach.
infectious disease
an illness caused by living pathogenic organisms such as bacteria and viruses.
iatrogenic illness
an unfavorable response due to prescribed medical treatment.
hypoplasia
the underdevelopment of an organ or tissue, usually due to a deficiency in the number of cells.
idiopathic disease
any disease without a known cause.
inguinal
relating to the groin, refers to the entire lower area of the abdomen.
medial
the direction toward, or, nearer the midline.
mesentery
a fused double layer of the parietal peritoneum that attaches parts of the intestine to the interior abdominal wall.
midsagittal plane
also known as the midline, the sagittal plane that divides the body into equal left and right halves.
nosocomial infection
a disease acquired in a hospital or clinical setting.
pandemic
an outbreak of a disease occurring over a large geographic area, sometimes even worldwide.
peritoneum
a multilayered membrane that protects and holds the organs in place within the abdominal cavity.
peritonitis
inflammation of the peritoneum.
pathology
the study of disease
pelvic cavity
the space formed by the hip bones and contains the organs of the reproductive and excretory systems.
posterior
situated in the back or on the back part of an organ.
physiology
the study of the functions of the structures of the body.
proximal
situated nearest the midline or beginning of a body structure.
retroperitoneal
located behind the peritoneum.
stem cells
unspecialized cells that are able to renew themselves for long periods of time by cell division.
transverse plane
a horizontal plane that divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions.
thoracic cavity
also known as the chest cavity or thorax; surrounds and protects the heart and lungs.
syndrome
a set of signs and symptoms that occur together as part of a specific disease process.
umbilicus
commonly known as the belly button or navel, this pit in the center of the abdominal wall marks the point where the umbilical cord was attached before birth.
vector-borne transmission
is the spread of certain disease through blood-sucking vectors.
ventral
refers to the front, or belly side, of the organ or body.
a-
without
ana-
backward
ger-
old age
ped-
child
-ior, -ic, -al, -ar, -ac, -eal, -tics, -ose
pertaining to
-oma
tumor
-plasm
formative material of cells
-trophy
development
-crine
secrete
-iatrics
field of medicine
superior
above
retro
behind
inferior
below
abdomin/o
abdomen
pelv
pelvis
chondr/i
cartilage
lumb
lower back
periton
peritoneum
ili
hip bone
