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BIO 315 > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

bacteriophage

A

a virus that infects bacterial cells

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2
Q

FISH

A

detect specific DNA sequences on a chromosome, uses fluorescent dye

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3
Q

DNA

A

a nucleic acid composed of deoxyribonucleotides that carries the genetic information of a cell

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4
Q

DNA molecule

A

generally refers to a double strand of DNA

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5
Q

nucleotide

A

a molecule consisting of a five carbon sugar, phosphate, and nitrogen bases, DNA is a polymer of nucleotides containing deoxyribose

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6
Q

phosphodiester bond

A

the covalent bond that connects two nucleotides in the backbone of DNA

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7
Q

nucleic acid

A

a polymer composed of nucleotide monomers

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8
Q

phosphodiester bond

A

chemical linkage between adjacent nucleotide residues in DNA

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9
Q

complementary base pairing

A

association between specific nitrogenous bases of nucleic acids stabilized by hydrogen bonding, A with T and G with C

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10
Q

antiparallel

A

the opposite orientation of the strands in a DNA double helix with one strand running 5 to 3 and 3 to 5

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11
Q

double helix

A

secondary structure of DNA, consisting of two antiparallel DNA strands wound around each other

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12
Q

chromatid

A

one half of two identical copies of a replicated chromosome

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13
Q

sister chromatids

A

the identical chromatids of a recently replicated chromosome, connected at the centromere until separated at anaphase

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14
Q

centromere

A

constricted region of a replicated chromosome where the two sister chromatids join until anaphase

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15
Q

telomere

A

region of repetitive DNA sequences at the end of a chromosome, protect the ends, become slightly shorter after cell divides

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16
Q

nucleosome

A

a section of DNA that is wrapped around a core of histone proteins

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17
Q

histone

A

basic protein that act as spools around which DNA winds to create structural units called nucleosomes

18
Q

chromatin

A

a mixture of DNA and proteins that form the chromosomes found in Eukaryotic cells

19
Q

Euchromatin

A

more lightly packed chromatin that is more accessible for gene transcription

20
Q

Heterochromatin

A

tightly packed chromatin that is less accessible for transcription

21
Q

template strand

A

single strand of DNA used by DNA polymerase to synthesize a new strand

22
Q

semiconservative replication

A

the mechanism of replication used by cells to copy DNA, results: each daughter DNA molecule containing one old and one new

23
Q

semi-discontinuous replication

A

in replication one is replicated continuously and one is discon. in fragments

24
Q

bidirectional replication

A

refers to the replication of DNA in both directions from origins of replication

25
Q

origin of replication

A

site on the chromosome at which DNA replication begins

26
Q

replication bubble

A

where a double stranded molecule of DNA is separated into two single strands for bidirectional replication

27
Q

3’ end

A

an end of DNA with a free OH group attached to the 3’ carbon of the deoxyribose sugar

28
Q

5’ end

A

an end of DNA with a free phosphate group attached to the 5’ carbon of sugar

29
Q

leading strand

A

a single DNA strand that during DNA replication is replicated continuously in same direction as replication fork

30
Q

lagging strand

A

during DNA replication, its discontinuous and in the opposite direction of fork

31
Q

RNA primer

A

short segment of a single stranded RNA used as a binding site for DNA polymerase to initiate replication

32
Q

Okazaki fragment

A

short sections of DNA formed at the time of discontinuous synthesis of the lagging strand during replication

33
Q

primase

A

an enzyme that synthesizes RNA primers during DNA replication

34
Q

helicase

A

an enzyme that separates double stranded DNA into single strands allowing each strand to be copied

35
Q

topoisomerase

A

enzymes that catalyze changes in the topological state of DNA

36
Q

DNA ligase

A

a specific type of enzyme that facilitates the joining of DNA strands together by catalyzing the formation of a phosphodiester bond between nucleotides

37
Q

single stranded DNA binding proteins

A

proteins that bind with high affinity to single stranded DNA to stabilize single strands during DNA replication

38
Q

sliding clamp

A

a ring shaped protein that encircles duplex DNA, binds to DNA polymerase and tethers it to the DNA template

39
Q

Telomerase

A

a reverse transcriptase that adds a species dependent telomere repeat sequence to the 3’ end of telomeres

40
Q
A

BIO 315 (3 decks)

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