Chapter 1

Question 1

organism

Answer 1

any living entity that contains one or more cells

Question 2

cell

Answer 2

most basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; membrane-bound structure capable of self-replicating

Question 3

plasma membrane

Answer 3

surrounds the cell; separating it from the external environment, selectively regulates passage of ions in and out

Question 4

cell theory

Answer 4

the theory that all organisms are made of cells and cells come from pre-existing cells

Question 5

prokaryote

Answer 5

member of the domain Bacteria or Achaea; a unicellular organism lacking a nucleus and organelles

Question 6

eukaryote

Answer 6

member of the domain Eukarya; cells contain a nucleus, membrane bound organelles, extensive cytoskeleton, uni/multi cellular

Question 7

Archaea

Answer 7

one of the three taxonomic domains of life consisting of unicellular prokaryotes more closely related to Eukarya and Bacteria (unicellular)

Question 8

Bacteria

Answer 8

one of the three taxonomic domains of life consisting of prokaryotic organisms by lack of nucleus (unicellular)

Question 9

Nucleus

Answer 9

In Eukaryotic cells, the large organelle containing the chromosomes and surrounded by a double membrane

Question 10

Organelle

Answer 10

any discrete membrane-bound structure within a cell that has a characteristic structure and function

Question 11

cell wall

Answer 11

protective layer located outside the plasma membrane and usually composed of polysaccharides; not found in all cells. found in algae, plants, bacteria, fungi

Question 12

DNA

Answer 12

nucleic acid that carries genetic information in the cell and is capable of replication; sequence of nucleotides in DNA determines individual heredity characteristics

Question 13

central dogma

Answer 13

the long-accepted hypothesis that information in cells flows in one direction; DNA codes for protein which codes protein

Question 14

Gene

Answer 14

stretch of DNA base pairs that code for a protein

Question 15

Transcription

Answer 15

the process by which RNA is made by RNA polymerase using a DNA template and RNA nucleotides

Question 16

RNA

Answer 16

similar to DNA, contains sugar ribose while DNA contains deoxyribose, RNA has the base uracil while DNA contains thymine

Question 17

Translation

Answer 17

the process by which polypeptides are synthesized from messenger RNA

Question 18

protein

Answer 18

a polypeptide folded into a specific 3D shape

Question 19

genome

Answer 19

the complete genetic material present in a cell or organism

Question 20

mutation

Answer 20

a permanent change in a DNA sequence

Question 21

Light Microscopy

Answer 21

uses visible light (photons) and a system of lenses to generate magnified images, live or fixed samples

Question 22

Fluorescent Light Micro.

Answer 22

much higher intensity light source than light micro. which excites a fluorescent species in a sample

Question 23

Fluorescent Probe

Answer 23

molecules that absorb light of a specific wavelength and emit light of a different, typically longer and used to study biological samples

Question 24

Electron Microscopy

Answer 24

technique for obtaining high resolution images using electrons as the source of illuminating radiation, fixed samples

Question 25

western blot

Answer 25

a technique used to detect, visualize, and quantify specific proteins in a complex sample

Question 26

fractionation

Answer 26

a method used to separate sub cellular components, and isolate organelles and other sub cellular components from one another

Question 27

model organism

Answer 27

non-human species used in the lab, better understand biological processes, has advantages

Question 28

homology

Answer 28

similarity to descent from a common ancestor

Question 29

rescue experiment

Answer 29

determine if two gene products have equivalent functions, a mutant phenotype is rescued when normal function is restored by expression of a gene