Chapter 2 Flashcards
What is an atom
Smallest unit of matter
What are atoms made of
Protons, electrons, and neutrons
What is a molecule
2 or more atoms bound together
What is an ion
An atom or molecule with a positive or negative charge
What is the element C
Carbon
What is the element O
Oxygen
What is the element Ca
Calcium
What is the element K
Potassium
What is the element Na
Sodium
What is the element H
Hydrogen
What is the element N
Nitrogen
What is the element P
Phosphorus
What is the element Mg
Magnesium
What is a chemical bond
A bond between molecules characterized by the sharing, gaining, or losing of electrons in the valence shell
What are the 3 major types of chemical bonds
1) ionic bonds
2) covalent bonds
3) Hydrogen bonds
What is a Cation
The atom/molecule in an ionic bond that has lost an electron
What is an anion
An atom/molecule in an ionic bond that has gained an electron
What do ionic bonds form
Salts
What makes a bond covalent
When atoms/molecules share electrons between them
What is a single bond
A covalent bond In Which two atoms share a total of 2 valence electrons
What is a double bond
A covalent bond in which two atoms share a total of four valence electrons
What is a non polar covalent bond
A bond where the electrons are shared equally
What is a polar covalent bond
A bond in which electrons are not shared equally as one element is more electronegative
Is water polar or non polar
Polar
What charge does O have
Partially negative
What charge does H have
Partially positive
How are molecules of H2O attracted to each other
Through hydrogen bonds
List some characteristics of water
1) inorganic compound
2) polar covalent
3) forms hydrogen bonds
4) is a solvent
5) has high specific heat
6) has high heat of vaporization
7) is a lubricant
8) water is needed for many important chemical reactions
What is a decomposition reaction (catabolism)
A reaction that breaks chemical bonds through hydrolysis, releasing energy by breaking down larger molecules into smaller molecules
What is a synthesis reaction (anabolism)
A chemical reaction that forms chemical bonds through dehydration synthesis where energy is required to add smaller molecules together to make a larger molecule
Define Metabolism
Transfer of energy by chemical reactions
What are lipoproteins
Proteins that surround fat, allowing it to be carried in blood
What is PH
The concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in a solution, measures acidity
What is the PH range of human blood
7.35-7.45
What is the relationship between PH and H+ concentration
PH and H+ have an inverse relationship, the more H+ the lower the PH and vise versa
How is blood PH regulated
Through Buffers
What are buffers
A weak acid (which donates H+) or weak base (which takes away H+) added to the blood to change the PH
What is H2CO3
Carbonic acid
What does carbonic acid do
1) Helps in transportation of carbon dioxide out of the body
2) helps in controlling the acidity of body fluids
What makes a molecule inorganic
The molecule is not based on carbon and hydrogen
What are some examples of inorganic molecules
Carbon dioxide, oxygen, water, salts
What makes a molecule organic
The molecule is based on carbon and hydrogen
What are characteristics of organic molecules
1) contain H, C, and usually O
2) covalently bonded
What are some examples of organic molecules
Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and ATP
What characterizes carbohydrates
Contain C, H, and O in a 1:2:1 ratio
What are the 3 types of carbohydrates
1) monosaccharides
2) disaccharides
3) polysaccharides
What is a monosaccharide
A simple sugar that cannot be split into simpler sugars
What are 3 monosaccharides
1) glucose
2) fructose
3) galactose
What is a disaccharide
Two simple sugars (monosaccharides) condensed by dehydration synthesis
Name 3 disaccharides
1) sucrose
2) maltose
3) lactose
What are polysaccharides
Many simple sugars (monosaccharides) condensed by dehydration synthesis
Name 3 polysaccharides
1) Glycogen
2) starch
3) cellulose
What is a lipid
A fatty, waxy, or oily compound that is soluble in organic solvents and insoluble in polar solvents such as water and are made of C and H atoms in a ratio of 1:2
What are 5 lipids
1) Fatty acids
2) triglycerides
3) phospholipids
4) steroids
5) prostaglandins
What is a glyceride
A lipid, specifically when fatty acids attach to a glycerol molecule
What are the functions of a triglyceride
1) energy source
2) insulation
3) protection
What are fatty acids
Long chains of carbon and hydrogen
What is a saturated fatty acid
A fatty acid with no covalent bonds
What is an unsaturated fatty acid
A fatty acid with one or more double bonds
What is the cell membrane made of
Phospholipids with hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails
What are the types of steroids
1) Cholesterol
2) estrogen
3) testosterone
4) corticosteroids
5) calcitriol
6) bile salts
What are corticosteroids and calcitriol responsible for
Metabolic regulation
What are prostaglandins
Chain fatty acids released by one sell to tell another cell in the “neighborhood” what to do
What basic elements do proteins contain
C, H, O, N
What are the basic building blocks of proteins
Amino acids
How many amino acids are there and how many are essential
There are 20 in total, 9 of which are essential and must be consumed as we cannot produce them
What is a primary structure
Linear chain of amino acids held together by peptide bonds
What is a secondary structure
A- helix or B-pleated sheet shape held together by hydrogen bonds
What is a tertiary structure
3D fold of helices and sheets into a shape
What is a quaternary structure
More than one amino acid chain put together to form one large structure
What is a proteins function based on
It’s shape and when it’s shape is lost, so is the function
How do proteins lose their structure
1) denaturation
2) change in temperature: heat
3) change in PH
