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Anatomy & Physiology 1 > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is an atom

A

Smallest unit of matter

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2
Q

What are atoms made of

A

Protons, electrons, and neutrons

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3
Q

What is a molecule

A

2 or more atoms bound together

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4
Q

What is an ion

A

An atom or molecule with a positive or negative charge

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5
Q

What is the element C

A

Carbon

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6
Q

What is the element O

A

Oxygen

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7
Q

What is the element Ca

A

Calcium

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8
Q

What is the element K

A

Potassium

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9
Q

What is the element Na

A

Sodium

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10
Q

What is the element H

A

Hydrogen

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11
Q

What is the element N

A

Nitrogen

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12
Q

What is the element P

A

Phosphorus

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13
Q

What is the element Mg

A

Magnesium

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14
Q

What is a chemical bond

A

A bond between molecules characterized by the sharing, gaining, or losing of electrons in the valence shell

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15
Q

What are the 3 major types of chemical bonds

A

1) ionic bonds
2) covalent bonds
3) Hydrogen bonds

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16
Q

What is a Cation

A

The atom/molecule in an ionic bond that has lost an electron

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17
Q

What is an anion

A

An atom/molecule in an ionic bond that has gained an electron

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18
Q

What do ionic bonds form

A

Salts

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19
Q

What makes a bond covalent

A

When atoms/molecules share electrons between them

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20
Q

What is a single bond

A

A covalent bond In Which two atoms share a total of 2 valence electrons

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21
Q

What is a double bond

A

A covalent bond in which two atoms share a total of four valence electrons

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22
Q

What is a non polar covalent bond

A

A bond where the electrons are shared equally

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23
Q

What is a polar covalent bond

A

A bond in which electrons are not shared equally as one element is more electronegative

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24
Q

Is water polar or non polar

A

Polar

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25
Q

What charge does O have

A

Partially negative

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26
Q

What charge does H have

A

Partially positive

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27
Q

How are molecules of H2O attracted to each other

A

Through hydrogen bonds

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28
Q

List some characteristics of water

A

1) inorganic compound
2) polar covalent
3) forms hydrogen bonds
4) is a solvent
5) has high specific heat
6) has high heat of vaporization
7) is a lubricant
8) water is needed for many important chemical reactions

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29
Q

What is a decomposition reaction (catabolism)

A

A reaction that breaks chemical bonds through hydrolysis, releasing energy by breaking down larger molecules into smaller molecules

30
Q

What is a synthesis reaction (anabolism)

A

A chemical reaction that forms chemical bonds through dehydration synthesis where energy is required to add smaller molecules together to make a larger molecule

31
Q

Define Metabolism

A

Transfer of energy by chemical reactions

32
Q

What are lipoproteins

A

Proteins that surround fat, allowing it to be carried in blood

33
Q

What is PH

A

The concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in a solution, measures acidity

34
Q

What is the PH range of human blood

A

7.35-7.45

35
Q

What is the relationship between PH and H+ concentration

A

PH and H+ have an inverse relationship, the more H+ the lower the PH and vise versa

36
Q

How is blood PH regulated

A

Through Buffers

37
Q

What are buffers

A

A weak acid (which donates H+) or weak base (which takes away H+) added to the blood to change the PH

38
Q

What is H2CO3

A

Carbonic acid

39
Q

What does carbonic acid do

A

1) Helps in transportation of carbon dioxide out of the body
2) helps in controlling the acidity of body fluids

40
Q

What makes a molecule inorganic

A

The molecule is not based on carbon and hydrogen

41
Q

What are some examples of inorganic molecules

A

Carbon dioxide, oxygen, water, salts

42
Q

What makes a molecule organic

A

The molecule is based on carbon and hydrogen

43
Q

What are characteristics of organic molecules

A

1) contain H, C, and usually O
2) covalently bonded

44
Q

What are some examples of organic molecules

A

Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and ATP

45
Q

What characterizes carbohydrates

A

Contain C, H, and O in a 1:2:1 ratio

46
Q

What are the 3 types of carbohydrates

A

1) monosaccharides
2) disaccharides
3) polysaccharides

47
Q

What is a monosaccharide

A

A simple sugar that cannot be split into simpler sugars

48
Q

What are 3 monosaccharides

A

1) glucose
2) fructose
3) galactose

49
Q

What is a disaccharide

A

Two simple sugars (monosaccharides) condensed by dehydration synthesis

50
Q

Name 3 disaccharides

A

1) sucrose
2) maltose
3) lactose

51
Q

What are polysaccharides

A

Many simple sugars (monosaccharides) condensed by dehydration synthesis

52
Q

Name 3 polysaccharides

A

1) Glycogen
2) starch
3) cellulose

53
Q

What is a lipid

A

A fatty, waxy, or oily compound that is soluble in organic solvents and insoluble in polar solvents such as water and are made of C and H atoms in a ratio of 1:2

54
Q

What are 5 lipids

A

1) Fatty acids
2) triglycerides
3) phospholipids
4) steroids
5) prostaglandins

55
Q

What is a glyceride

A

A lipid, specifically when fatty acids attach to a glycerol molecule

56
Q

What are the functions of a triglyceride

A

1) energy source
2) insulation
3) protection

57
Q

What are fatty acids

A

Long chains of carbon and hydrogen

58
Q

What is a saturated fatty acid

A

A fatty acid with no covalent bonds

59
Q

What is an unsaturated fatty acid

A

A fatty acid with one or more double bonds

60
Q

What is the cell membrane made of

A

Phospholipids with hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails

61
Q

What are the types of steroids

A

1) Cholesterol
2) estrogen
3) testosterone
4) corticosteroids
5) calcitriol
6) bile salts

62
Q

What are corticosteroids and calcitriol responsible for

A

Metabolic regulation

63
Q

What are prostaglandins

A

Chain fatty acids released by one sell to tell another cell in the “neighborhood” what to do

64
Q

What basic elements do proteins contain

A

C, H, O, N

65
Q

What are the basic building blocks of proteins

A

Amino acids

66
Q

How many amino acids are there and how many are essential

A

There are 20 in total, 9 of which are essential and must be consumed as we cannot produce them

67
Q

What is a primary structure

A

Linear chain of amino acids held together by peptide bonds

68
Q

What is a secondary structure

A

A- helix or B-pleated sheet shape held together by hydrogen bonds

69
Q

What is a tertiary structure

A

3D fold of helices and sheets into a shape

70
Q

What is a quaternary structure

A

More than one amino acid chain put together to form one large structure

71
Q

What is a proteins function based on

A

It’s shape and when it’s shape is lost, so is the function

72
Q

How do proteins lose their structure

A

1) denaturation
2) change in temperature: heat
3) change in PH

Anatomy & Physiology 1 (2 decks)

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