Chapter 2

Question 1

naturally occurring solids •formed by inorganic
processes
•building blocks of rocks •Examples: quartz, sulfides,
halides

Answer 1

Minerals

Question 2

•relatively hard, naturally occurring mineral material
•made up of two of more
minerals, mixed up through
geological processes
• Examples: igneous, sedimentary,
and metamorphic rocks

Answer 2

Rocks

Question 3

Physical Properties of Rock-Forming Minerals

Answer 3

Color
Hardness
Luster
Cleavage

Question 4

it is a measure of the resistance of a mineral (not specifically surface) to abrasion

Answer 4

Hardness

Question 5

measures the scratch resistance of various minerals based on the ability of a harder material/mineral to scratch a softer one

Answer 5

The Mohs Scale of Hardness

Question 6

describes how the mineral reflects light

Answer 6

Luster

Question 7

2 types of luster

Answer 7

Metallic luster
Non-metallic luster

Question 8

looks like a shiny metal such as chrome, steel, silver, or gold.

Answer 8

Metallic luster

Question 9

may be shiny and reflect light, however, they do not look like a metal.

Answer 9

Non-metallic luster

Question 10

the property of some minerals to break along specific planes of weakness to form smooth, flat surfaces.

Answer 10

Cleavage

Question 11

is the property of a mineral breaking in a more or less random pattern with no smooth planar surfaces.

Answer 11

Fracture

Question 12

Cleavage in one direction

Answer 12

Muscovite

Question 13

Cleavage in two directions

Answer 13

Feldspar

Question 14

Cleavage in three directions

Answer 14

Halite

Question 15

Cleavage in four directions

Answer 15

Calcite

Question 16

Mineral Groups

Answer 16

Silicates
Oxides
Carbonates
Halides

Question 17

minerals containing the two most abundant elements in the Earth’s crust, namely, silicon and oxygen

Answer 17

Silicates

Question 18

minerals composed of oxygen anion (O2-) combined with one or more metal ions

Answer 18

Oxides

Question 19

minerals containing the carbonate (CO3)2- anion combined with other elements

Answer 19

Carbonates

Question 20

minerals containing halogen elements combined with one or more metal

Answer 20

Halides

Question 21

There are almost —— known mineral species, yet the vast majority of rocks are formed from combinations of a few common minerals, referred to as “——————”.

Answer 21

5000
Rock-forming minerals

Question 22

are naturally occurring and coherent aggregate of one or more minerals
basic unit of which the solid Earth

Answer 22

Rocks

Question 23

3 major types of rocks

Answer 23

Igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic

Question 24

those that solidify from magma

Answer 24

Igneous rock

Question 25

magma cools quickly above ground (extrusive)

Answer 25

Volcanic igneous rock

Question 26

magma cools and solidifies slowly underground (intrusive)

Answer 26

Plutonic igneous rock

Question 27

those that are deposited and lithified (compacted and cemented together) at the Earth’s surface

Answer 27

Sedimentary

Question 28

compacted broken rocks (sandstone)

Answer 28

Clastic

Question 29

compacted dissolved minerals (limestone)

Answer 29

Chemical

Question 30

compacted biogenic
matter (coal)

Answer 30

Organic

Question 31

is a process that squeezes, or compacts sediments.

Answer 31

Compaction

Question 32

“glue” – takes place when dissolved minerals are deposited in the tiny spaces among sediments.

Answer 32

Cementation

Question 33

formed by changes in preexisting rocks under the influence of high temperature, pressure, and chemically active solutions

Answer 33

Metamorphic rocks

Question 34

2 types of metamorphic rocks

Answer 34

Foliated
Non-foliated

Question 35

have a layered or banded appearance

Answer 35

Foliated

Question 36

do not have a layered or banded appearance

Answer 36

Non-foliated

Question 37

is a web of processes that outlines how each of the three major rock types—igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary—form and break down based on the different applications of heat and pressure over time.

Answer 37

Rock cycle