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Pre-master Geneeskunde > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two major parts of cells?

A

The nucleus and cytoplasm

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2
Q

How is the nucleus separated from the cytoplasm?

A

By a nuclear membrane

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3
Q

What is the protoplasm?

A

The different substances that make up the cell. Composed of mainly five substances

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4
Q

Which cells are not mainly comprised of water?

A

Fat cells

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5
Q

In what concentration are most cells comprised of water?

A

70-85%

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6
Q

What are important ions in cells?

A

Potassium, magnesium, phosphate, sulfate, bicarbonate and smaller quantities of sodium, chloride and calcium.

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7
Q

After water, what is the most abundant substance in most cells?

A

Proteins

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8
Q

How much do protein constitute of the cell mass?

A

10-20%

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9
Q

In what two types can proteins be divided?

A

Structural proteins and functional proteins

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10
Q

What is the common property of lipids?

A

They are soluble in fat solvents

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11
Q

What are two important lipids?

A

Phospholipids and cholesterol

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12
Q

How much of the body mass do phospholipids and cholesterol constitute?

A

2% of the body mass

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13
Q

What is another name for triglycerides?

A

Neutral fats

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14
Q

What are adipocytes?

A

Fat cells

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15
Q

How much of the cell mass do triglycerides constitute in cells?

A

95%

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16
Q

What is glycogen?

A

Stored carbohydrate in the cell, it is an insoluble polymer of glucose

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17
Q

How much of the cell’s energy release from nutrients would cease immediately without the presence of mitochondria?

A

95%

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18
Q

What is the function of lipids in membranes?

A

Provide a barrier that impedes movement of water and water-soluble substances from one cell compartment to another

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19
Q

How thick is the cell membrane (plasma membrane)?

A

7.5 - 10 nanometers

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20
Q

What is the composition of the cell membrane?

A

55% proteins, 25% phospholipids, 13% cholesterol, 4% other lipids and 3% carbohydrates

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21
Q

Of which 3 main types of lipids is a basic lipid bilayer composed?

A

Phospholipids, sphingolipids and cholesterol

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22
Q

Which end of a phospholipid is hydrophilic (water soluble)?

A

Phosphate end

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23
Q

Which end of a phospholipid is hydrophobic (fat soluble)?

A

Fatty acid portion

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24
Q

What are water soluble substances?

A

Ions, glucose and urea

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25
Q

What are fat soluble substances?

A

Oxygen, carbon dioxide and alcohol

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26
Q

Where are sphingolipids derived from?

A

The amino alcohol sphingosine

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27
Q

What are the three functions of complex sphingolipids?

A

1) protection from harmful environmental factors
2) signal transmission
3) adhesion sites for extracellular proteins

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28
Q

What is the main function of cholesterol molecules in the membrane?

A

They help determine the degree of permeability of the bilayer to water-soluble constituents of body fluids.

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29
Q

What are two types of cell membrane proteins?

A

Integral proteins and peripheral proteins

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30
Q

What is the main function of integral proteins?

A

Provide a means of conveying information about the environment to the cell interior.

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31
Q

In what do peripheral proteins play a role?

A

Support, communication, enzymes and molecule transfer in the cell.

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32
Q

What are proteoglycans?

A

Mainly carbohydrates bound to small protein cores.

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33
Q

What is the Glycocalyx?

A

A loose carbohydrate coat around the entire surface of the cell.

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34
Q

What is dispersed in the cytoplasm?

A

Neutral fat globules, glycogen granules, ribosomes, secretory vesicles and five important organelles.

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35
Q

What are the five organelles present in the cytoplasm?

A

Endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, mitochondria, lysosomes and peroxisomes.

36
Q

What is mainly dissolved in the cytosol?

A

Proteins, electrolytes and glucose

37
Q

What are cisternae?

A

A network of tubular structures in the endoplasmic reticulum.

38
Q

Of what does the endoplasmic reticulum consist?

A

Cisternae + flat vesicular structures

39
Q

What is the function of the endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Help process molecules made by the cell and transport them to their specific destination inside or outside the cell.

40
Q

What are ribosomes?

A

Minute granular particles, composed of a mixture of RNA and proteins.

41
Q

What do ribosomes do?

A

They synthesize new protein molecules in the cell.

42
Q

In what cells is the Golgi apparatus prominent?

A

Secretory cells

43
Q

Of what is the Golgi apparatus usually composed?

A

Four or more stacked layers of thin, flat, enclosed vesicles lying near one side of the nucleus.

44
Q

Transported substances are processed in the Golgi apparatus to form….

A

Lysosomes, secretory vesicles and other cytoplasmic components.

45
Q

What is the function of lysosomes?

A

They provide an intracellular digestive system that allows the cells to digest substances.

46
Q

What can be digested by the lysosomes?

A

Damaged cellular structures, food particles that have been ingested by the cell and unwanted matter (bacteria f.e.)

47
Q

What is usually the diameter of lysosomes?

A

250-750 nanometers

48
Q

What are small granules?

A

Protein aggregates of 40 different hydrolase (digestive) enzymes. They are found inside lysosomes.

49
Q

What is the diameter of small granules?

A

5-8 nanometers

50
Q

What is the function of hydrolytic enzymes (found in lysosomes)?

A

They hydrolyze an organic compound into two or more parts.

51
Q

How is a peroxisome different from a lysosome?

A

They are believed to be formed by self-replication and they contain oxidases instead of hydrolases.

52
Q

What are protein proenzymes?

A

Enzymes that are not activated yet.

53
Q

What are the mitochondria?

A

The powerhouses of the cell

54
Q

Where are mitochondria present?

A

In all areas of the cell’s cytoplasm

55
Q

What are cristae (in mitochondria)?

A

Infoldings of the inner membrane

56
Q

What is the function of the cristae (in mitochondria)?

A

They provide a large surface area for chemical reactions to occur.

57
Q

What is the ectoplasm?

A

The outer zone of the cytoplasm

58
Q

What is the diameter of a microfilament?

A

7 nm

59
Q

What is the diameter of an intermediate filament?

A

8-12 nm

60
Q

What is the diameter of a microtubule?

A

25 nm

61
Q

Where are desmin filaments found?

A

In muscle cells

62
Q

Where are neurofilaments found?

A

In neurons

63
Q

Where are keratins found?

A

In epithelial cells

64
Q

What are the 4 functions of the cell cytoskeleton?

A

1) Determining cell shape
2) Participating in cell division
3) Allowing cells to move
4) Providing a track like system that directs movement of organelles in the cells

65
Q

Where are genes found?

A

Inside DNA

66
Q

What is the function of genes?

A

They determine the characteristics of the cell’s proteins.

67
Q

How large is the central area of pores in the nuclear membrane in diameter?

A

9 nanometers

68
Q

Molecules with what molecular weight can pass through the pores of the nuclear membrane with reasonable ease?

A

40,000 g/mol

69
Q

Uit wat bestaat de nucleolus (celkern)?

A

Het is een ophoping van grote hoeveelheden RNA and eiwitten die nodig zijn voor het vormen van ribosomen.

70
Q

How much larger is the diameter of a cell compared to the smallest virus?

A

1000 times

71
Q

How much larger is the volume of a cell compared to the volume of the smallest virus?

A

1 billion times

72
Q

What is a small protein?

A

A nucleic acid embedded in a coat of protein

73
Q

What is the size of a small virus?

A

15 nm

74
Q

What is the size of a large virus?

A

150 nm

75
Q

What is the size of a Rickettsia?

A

350 nm

76
Q

What is the size of a bacterium?

A

1 micrometers

77
Q

What is the size of a cell?

A

5-10 micrometers

78
Q

What is the most important organelle in a cel?

A

Nucleus

79
Q

What are two principal forms of endocytosis?

A

Pinocytosis and phagocytosis

80
Q

What are examples of large particles ingested by phagocytosis?

A

Bacteria, whole cells or portions of degenerating tissue

81
Q

How large is the diameter of pinocytotic vesicles?

A

100-200 nanometers

82
Q

What is clathrin?

A

Latticework of fibrillar protein located on the inside of the cell membrane.

83
Q

What cells are capable of phagocytosis?

A

Tissue macrophages and some white blood cells

84
Q

What are the products of digestion of a digestive vesicle?

A

Small molecules of substances such as amino acids, glucose and phosphates.

85
Q
A

Pre-master Geneeskunde (3 decks)

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