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Psychology > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

A “medicine” that has no active ingredients and works by the power of suggestion.

A

Placebo

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2
Q

A study during which neither participants nor researchers know to which group any subject belongs.

A

Double-Blind Study

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3
Q

A statement of the results that the experimenter expects.

A

Hypothesis

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4
Q

People or animals on whom the experiment is conducted.

A

Subjects

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5
Q

Factors that change in an experiment.

A

Variables

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6
Q

The factor that the experimenter manipulates or changes in a study.

A

Independent Variable

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7
Q

The factor in a study that changes or varies as a result of changes in the Independent Variable

A

Dependant Variable

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8
Q

Research that takes place outside the laboratory.

A

Field Experiments

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9
Q

The group on which the critical part of the experiment is performed.

A

Experimental Group

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10
Q

The group that does not participate in the critical part of the experiment.

A

Control Group

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11
Q

A method of research using questions on feelings, opinions, or behaviour patterns.

A

Survey

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12
Q

A group that represents a larger group.

A

Sample

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13
Q

A research method that involves studying subjects without them being aware that they’re being watched.

A

Naturalistic Observation

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14
Q

A research method that involves studying people face to face and asking questions.

A

Interview

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15
Q

Research that collects lengthy detailed information about a person’s background, usually for psychological treatment.

A

Case Study method

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16
Q

Observation and measurement of the subject using objective measures (as opposed to an interview).

A

Psychological Tests

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17
Q

A method of research that looks at different age groups at the same tie in order to understand changes that occur during the life span.

A

Cross-Sectional Method

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18
Q

A method of research that studies the same group of people over an extended period of time.

A

Longitudinal Method

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19
Q

In the scientific method of psychological experimentation, what is the order of things? (Subjects, Hypothesis, Control and Experimental groups).

A

First the Hypothesis is formed and the subjects are chosen; then the Subjects are divided up into an Experimental group and a Control group.

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20
Q

Any factor in an experiment that changes.

A

Variable

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21
Q

The factor that is regulated by the experimenter is the..

A

Independent Variable

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22
Q

The factor that is the change which occurs as a result of what the experimenter does with the Independent Variable is..

A

Dependent Variable

23
Q

Conducted away from the laboratory, but they still adhere as much as possible to the rigid rules of experimentation.

A

Field Experiments

24
Q

Used to ask questions of carefully selected people in order to understand opinions and feelings. The questionnaire is one such method, but it may not be too effective if administered by mail.

A

Survey

25
Q

Avoids interfering with the subject’s behaviour and focuses on hidden observation in order to record how the creature behaves when not aware that it is being watched.

A

Naturalistic Observation

26
Q

Involves the face-to-face collection of people’s ideas, actions, background, or behaviour.

A

Interview

27
Q

Collects specific background information covering a greater period of years in order to help develop a picture of the person, usually to aid in psychological treatment

A

Case-Study

28
Q

Objective methods of gathering information about people. The questions are to be determined beforehand, and the range of answers is restricted.

A

Psychological Tests

29
Q

A method of research which requires considerable time and expense. The same group of people is examined over and over during a lengthy period of time.

A

Longitudinal Method

30
Q

Studies the effects of time, but it uses people from different age groups and it tests them all at the same time in order to provide the desired information.

A

Cross-sectional Method

31
Q

Psychological research must conform to the..

A

Ethical Guidelines of the American Psychological Association.

32
Q

What are the 4 Ethical Guidelines/Principles?

A
  1. The subject can decline participation.
  2. The experimenter must be honest and open.
  3. Data on individual subjects must be kept confidential.
  4. Subjects should not be harmed or put at great risk.
33
Q

(True or False) It is difficult to draw meaningful conclusions without careful experimentation.

A

True

33
Q

(True or False) Placebos are effective because the person believes they will help.

A

True

33
Q

(True or False) One way to overcome bias in an interview is to use objective psychological tests such as the IQ.

A

True

33
Q

(True or False) There is a direct relationship between the phases of the moon and our behaviour.

A

False

34
Q

(True or False) Psychological tests are objective methods of gathering information on people.

A

False

35
Q

A statement of expected results.

A

Hypothesis

36
Q

The variable that will change depending on another factor.

A

Dependent Variable

37
Q

A variable that is examined in order to determine its effects on behaviour.

A

Independent Variable

38
Q

Experiments conducted in laboratories or in the field usually involve two groups, called..

A

Control and Experimental groups

39
Q

Since everyone cannot be interviewed in a survey, a certain number of people are chosen to represent the general population, This is called a..

A

Sample

40
Q

Involves gathering information by asking questions either by mail, in person, or over the telephone.

A

Survey

41
Q

Researchers who secretly observe the object of the study in a natural setting use this method of collecting data.

A

Naturalistic Observation

42
Q

A method for collecting data for studying people and their past histories.

A

Interviews

43
Q

A method which involves developing information about a person’s background for purposes of psychological treatment is the..

A

Case-Study method

44
Q

Researchers who study patterns of behaviour over a period of time to determine any changes may use one of two methods..

A

The longitudinal studies method, or the cross-sectional studies method.

45
Q

In this method, the same subjects are studied over a long period of time, which involves considerable expense.

A

The Longitudinal Studies method

46
Q

This method uses people from different age groups and is thus less expensive and time-consuming.

A

The Cross-Sectional Studies method

47
Q

Guidelines established by the American Psychological association regarding experiments are called..

A

The Four Ethical Principles

48
Q

One area difference between males and females is called..

A

Spatial Ability

49
Q

Experiments conducted away from a laboratory setting are called..

A

Field Experiment

50
Q

lol

A

lol

Psychology (3 decks)

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