Chapter 2

Question 1

As you can gather from the title of Kuhn’s book, he is concerned
primarily with those episodes in history known as______________.

Answer 1

Scientific revolutions

Question 2

One of the most influential books of the first half of that century and was an important seed for the development of what came to be called Intellectual History.

Answer 2

The Great Chain of Being by Arthur Lovejoy

Question 3

As it applies to science is that it is an organizing idea
that makes sense of all the observations made of a given natural phenomenon.

Answer 3

Paradigm

Question 4

He indicates in his postscript to the second edition to ______________, he uses the term in more than one way in the book.

Answer 4

The structure of the science revolution

Question 5

Is to provide a structure through which the phenomenon can be
understood.

Answer 5

Function of a paradigm

Question 6

Kuhn describes our understanding of natural phenomena as proceeding through a series of stages. These are:

Answer 6

1. The pre-paradigm stage;
2. The paradigm recognition stage;
3. The paradigm reinforcement stage; and
4. The paradigm shift

Question 7

Consists of random observations that have no obvious relation to each other.

Answer 7

The Pre-Paradigm stage/The Pre-Paradigmatic Stage

Question 8

Recognition would occur at the instant when we were given the puzzle and the numbered clues.

Answer 8

The Paradigm Recognition Stage/The Emergence of Normal Science

Question 9

The paradigm would be to discard the concept of order for the
phenomenon, and without a perception of order, the phenomenon can’t be investigated scientifically. We would have reverted back to the pre-paradigm stage.

Answer 9

The Paradigm Reinforcement Stage

Question 10

Investigations of the phenomenon within the context of the accepted
paradigm until some investigator comes along who is able to see the phenomenon in a new.

Answer 10

The Paradigm Shift/The Birth and Assimilation Of A New Paradigm

Question 11

They have persistently observed and studied the natural and the physical world in order to find meanings and seek answers to many questions. They have developed noble ideas, later known as philosophy, to provide alternative or possible explanations to certain phenomena.

Answer 11

Intellectual Revolutions.

Question 12

Was the period of enlightenment
when the developments in the fields of mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology and chemistry transformed
the views of society about nature.

Answer 12

Scientific Revolution

Question 13

In the early times, people questioned what created days, and nights. They wanted to understand what heavenly bodies like stars, moons, and planets are.

Answer 13

COPERNICAN REVOLUTION

Question 14

A famous philosopher and astronomer, ____________, stated that the planets, as well as the sun and the moon, moved in a circular motion around the Earth.

Answer 14

Claudius ptolemy

Question 15

The Earth was at the center –a concept known as____________.

Answer 15

Geocentrism

Question 16

Polish mathematician and astronomer, challenged
the Ptolemaic model. He introduced a new concept known as heliocentrism.

Answer 16

Nicolaus Copernicus

Question 17

The publication of his book _________________ (On the Revolution
of the Heavenly Spheres) in 1543 is often cited as the star of the scientific revolution.

Answer 17

De revolutionibus orbium coelestium

Question 18

It was eventually accepted by the people in a period
which was called the birth of.

Answer 18

Birth of modern astronomy

Question 19

Was considered to be one of the most controversial intellectual
revolution of its time.

Answer 19

DARWINIAN REVOLUTION

Question 20

Darwin published his book ___________in 1589.

Answer 20

The Origin of Species

Question 21

In this book, Darwin introduced the____________,
which posited that populations pass through a
process of natural selection in which only the fittest
would survive.

Answer 21

Theory of evolution

Question 22

Darwin’s observational skills as a scientist were extraordinary that move beyond the realms of
plants and animals into the realms of humans. His book_________ was so impressive yet very
controversial.

Answer 22

The Descent of Man

Question 23

In the past, the field of psychology was always classified under philosophy. Psychology was
considered more of an art rather than a science.

Answer 23

FREUDIAN REVOLUTION

Question 24

Was
considered more of an art rather than a science.

Answer 24

Psychology

Question 25

Is a famous figure in the field of
psychology.

Answer 25

Sigmund Freud

Question 26

The study that explains human
behavior, In his theory, Freud explained that
there are many conscious and unconscious
factors that can influence behavior and
emotions. He also argued that personality is a
product of three conflicting elements, id, ego, and super ego.

Answer 26

Psychoanalysis

Question 27

The man who changed the way the world looked at science.

Answer 27

Thomas Samuel Kuhn 1922-1996

Question 28

Science may be described as the art of systematic oversimplification

Answer 28

Karl Popper 1902-1994

Question 29

Kuhn’s Cycle (Structure of science revolution)

Answer 29

1. Normal science
2. Model drift
3. Model crisis
4. Model Revolution
5. Paradigm change/ shift

Question 30

The normal step, where the field has a scientifically based model of understanding (a paradigm)that works(positivist).

Answer 30

Normal Science

Question 31

The model of understanding starts drift, due accumulation of anomalies/controversies,phenomenon the model cannot explain.

Answer 31

Model drift

Question 32

It can no longer serve as a reliable guide to problem solving.

Answer 32

Model Crisis

Question 33

Serious candidates for a new model emerge.

Answer 33

Model revolution

Question 34

Emerge and the field changes from the old to the new paradigm.

Answer 34

Paradigm change/shift

Question 35

Love is the only sane and satisfaction answer to the problem of human existence.

Answer 35

Erich Fromm 1900-1980