Chapter 2 Flashcards
As you can gather from the title of Kuhn’s book, he is concerned
primarily with those episodes in history known as______________.
Scientific revolutions
One of the most influential books of the first half of that century and was an important seed for the development of what came to be called Intellectual History.
The Great Chain of Being by Arthur Lovejoy
As it applies to science is that it is an organizing idea
that makes sense of all the observations made of a given natural phenomenon.
Paradigm
He indicates in his postscript to the second edition to ______________, he uses the term in more than one way in the book.
The structure of the science revolution
Is to provide a structure through which the phenomenon can be
understood.
Function of a paradigm
Kuhn describes our understanding of natural phenomena as proceeding through a series of stages. These are:
- The pre-paradigm stage;
- The paradigm recognition stage;
- The paradigm reinforcement stage; and
- The paradigm shift
Consists of random observations that have no obvious relation to each other.
The Pre-Paradigm stage/The Pre-Paradigmatic Stage
Recognition would occur at the instant when we were given the puzzle and the numbered clues.
The Paradigm Recognition Stage/The Emergence of Normal Science
The paradigm would be to discard the concept of order for the
phenomenon, and without a perception of order, the phenomenon can’t be investigated scientifically. We would have reverted back to the pre-paradigm stage.
The Paradigm Reinforcement Stage
Investigations of the phenomenon within the context of the accepted
paradigm until some investigator comes along who is able to see the phenomenon in a new.
The Paradigm Shift/The Birth and Assimilation Of A New Paradigm
They have persistently observed and studied the natural and the physical world in order to find meanings and seek answers to many questions. They have developed noble ideas, later known as philosophy, to provide alternative or possible explanations to certain phenomena.
Intellectual Revolutions.
Was the period of enlightenment
when the developments in the fields of mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology and chemistry transformed
the views of society about nature.
Scientific Revolution
In the early times, people questioned what created days, and nights. They wanted to understand what heavenly bodies like stars, moons, and planets are.
COPERNICAN REVOLUTION
A famous philosopher and astronomer, ____________, stated that the planets, as well as the sun and the moon, moved in a circular motion around the Earth.
Claudius ptolemy
The Earth was at the center –a concept known as____________.
Geocentrism
Polish mathematician and astronomer, challenged
the Ptolemaic model. He introduced a new concept known as heliocentrism.
Nicolaus Copernicus
The publication of his book _________________ (On the Revolution
of the Heavenly Spheres) in 1543 is often cited as the star of the scientific revolution.
De revolutionibus orbium coelestium
It was eventually accepted by the people in a period
which was called the birth of.
Birth of modern astronomy
Was considered to be one of the most controversial intellectual
revolution of its time.
DARWINIAN REVOLUTION
Darwin published his book ___________in 1589.
The Origin of Species
In this book, Darwin introduced the____________,
which posited that populations pass through a
process of natural selection in which only the fittest
would survive.
Theory of evolution
Darwin’s observational skills as a scientist were extraordinary that move beyond the realms of
plants and animals into the realms of humans. His book_________ was so impressive yet very
controversial.
The Descent of Man
In the past, the field of psychology was always classified under philosophy. Psychology was
considered more of an art rather than a science.
FREUDIAN REVOLUTION
Was
considered more of an art rather than a science.
Psychology
