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Intro to Ag 1 Key Terms > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Acidic

A

more hydrogen ions (H+) than hydroxyl ions (OH-)

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2
Q

adobe

A

a mixture of sandy soil and clay has been used for buildings for thousands of years

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3
Q

aggregate

A

A material or structure formed from a loosely compacted mass of fragments or particles

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4
Q

alkaline

A

contain more hydroxyl ions than hydrogen ions

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5
Q

anchorage

A

Plants are firmly supported in deep soil where roots can grow freely

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6
Q

buffering

A

solution contains either a weak acid and its salt or a weak base and its salt, which is resistant to changes in pH

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7
Q

bulk density

A

refers to the weight of the oven-dry (moisture removed) soil with its natural structural arrangement

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8
Q

Cation exchange capacity (CEC)

A

Total number of exchangeable cations a soil can hold (the amount of its negative charge)

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9
Q

clay

A

smallest class of soil particles

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10
Q

concrete

A

a construction material mix of natural soil and small amounts of cement and water, is used in building foundations, bases for roads, parking lots and airports

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11
Q

evaporation

A

how water is transformed from liquid to vapor)

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12
Q

Field Capacity (FP)

A

when all the gravitational water has been drained and a vertical movement of water due to gravity is negligible

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13
Q

Gravitational water (GW)

A

water held between saturation and field capacity

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14
Q

Hygroscopic water

A

Water held by electrical attraction and is unable to leave the soil.

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15
Q

immobilization

A

The conversion of an element from the inorganic to the organic form in microbial tissues or in plant tissues, thus rendering the element not readily available to other organisms or to plants.

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16
Q

insoluable

A

A chemical compound that does not readily dissolve in water.

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17
Q

load-bearing capacity

A

what soil is able to support

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18
Q

loam

A

a fertile soil of clay and sand containing humus

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19
Q

mineralization

A

Decomposition or oxidation of the chemical compounds in organic matter into plant-accessible forms.

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20
Q

neutral

A

contains equal concentrations of hydrogen and hydroxyl ions

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21
Q

nitrogen cycle

A

The sequence of chemical and biological changes undergone by nitrogen as it moves from the atmosphere into water, soil, and living organisms, and upon death of these organisms (plants and animals) is recycled through a part or all of the entire process.

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22
Q

nutrients

A

(1) A substance that nourishes the metabolic processes of the body; (2) the end product of digestion.

Plants need 16 nutrients to live, 13 of which are obtained from soil: Boron (B), Calcium (Ca), Chlorine (Cl), Copper (Cu), Iron (Fe), Magnesium (Mg), Manganese (Mn), Molybdenum (Mo), Nitrogen, (N), Phosphorus (P), Potassium, (K) Sulfur (S), Zinc (Zn). Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H) and Oxygen (O) come from the air and water.

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23
Q

organic

A

relating to or derived from living matter

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24
Q

organic matter

A

Consists of plant and animal residues in various stages of decay

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25
Q

parent material

A

is the lowest layer

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26
Q

Permanent wilting point (PWP)

A

is defined as the point where no more
water is available to the plant.

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27
Q

PH

A

acidity or alkalinity

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28
Q

pore space

A

is a part of the volume of soil
measured for bulk density

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29
Q

saline

A

salt

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30
Q

Shrink-swell potential

A

is the extent that a clay (smallest class of soil particles) soil will expand or contract when wet or dry)

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31
Q

sodic

A

high concentration of sodium (alkali soils)

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32
Q

soil

A

consists of loose mineral and organic material on the earth’s surface that serves as a medium for the growth of
plants.

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33
Q

soil aeration

A

exchanges soil and atmospheric air to maintain adequate oxygen for plant roots

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34
Q

soil air

A

having less oxygen and more carbon dioxide than the atmosphere

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35
Q

soil classification

A

is according to individual three-dimensional entities which are grouped according to similar physical, chemical and mineralogical properties

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36
Q

soil depth

A

is the distance between the soil surface and the layer which is unfavorable for root growth

37
Q

soil solution

A

Water held by soils and the nutrients it contains.

38
Q

soil texture

A

refers to the amount of sand, silt and clay in the soil

39
Q

structure

A

refers to arrangement of soil particles

40
Q

subsoil

A

is the layer just under the topsoil

41
Q

texture

A

feel, appearance, or consistency of a surface or a substance

42
Q

topsoil

A

the surface or very top layer of soil

43
Q

transpiration

A

how water is moved through plants into the air

44
Q

water-logged

A

saturation of soil with water

45
Q

more hydrogen ions (H+) than hydroxyl ions (OH-)

A

Acidic

46
Q

a mixture of sandy soil and clay has been used for buildings for thousands of years

A

adobe

47
Q

A material or structure formed from a loosely compacted mass of fragments or particles

A

aggregate

48
Q

contain more hydroxyl ions than hydrogen ions

A

alkaline

49
Q

Plants are firmly supported in deep soil where roots can grow freely

A

anchorage

50
Q

solution contains either a weak acid and its salt or a weak base and its salt, which is resistant to changes in pH

A

buffering

51
Q

refers to the weight of the oven-dry (moisture removed) soil with its natural structural arrangement

A

bulk density

52
Q

Total number of exchangeable cations a soil can hold (the amount of its negative charge)

A

Cation exchange capacity (CEC)

53
Q

smallest class of soil particles

A

clay

54
Q

a construction material mix of natural soil and small amounts of cement and water, is used in building foundations, bases for roads, parking lots and airports

A

concrete

55
Q

how water is transformed from liquid to vapor)

A

evaporation

56
Q

when all the gravitational water has been drained and a vertical movement of water due to gravity is negligible

A

Field Capacity (FP)

57
Q

water held between saturation and field capacity

A

Gravitational water (GW)

58
Q

Water held by electrical attraction and is unable to leave the soil.

A

Hygroscopic water

59
Q

The conversion of an element from the inorganic to the organic form in microbial tissues or in plant tissues, thus rendering the element not readily available to other organisms or to plants.

A

immobilization

60
Q

A chemical compound that does not readily dissolve in water.

A

insoluable

61
Q

what soil is able to support

A

load-bearing capacity

62
Q

a fertile soil of clay and sand containing humus

A

loam

63
Q

Decomposition or oxidation of the chemical compounds in organic matter into plant-accessible forms.

A

mineralization

64
Q

contains equal concentrations of hydrogen and hydroxyl ions

A

neutral

65
Q

The sequence of chemical and biological changes undergone by nitrogen as it moves from the atmosphere into water, soil, and living organisms, and upon death of these organisms (plants and animals) is recycled through a part or all of the entire process.

A

nitrogen cycle

66
Q

(1) A substance that nourishes the metabolic processes of the body; (2) the end product of digestion.

Plants need 16 nutrients to live, 13 of which are obtained from soil: Boron (B), Calcium (Ca), Chlorine (Cl), Copper (Cu), Iron (Fe), Magnesium (Mg), Manganese (Mn), Molybdenum (Mo), Nitrogen, (N), Phosphorus (P), Potassium, (K) Sulfur (S), Zinc (Zn). Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H) and Oxygen (O) come from the air and water.

A

nutrients

67
Q

relating to or derived from living matter

A

organic

68
Q

Consists of plant and animal residues in various stages of decay

A

organic matter

69
Q

is the lowest layer

A

parent material

70
Q

is defined as the point where no more
water is available to the plant.

A

Permanent wilting point (PWP)

71
Q

acidity or alkalinity

A

PH

72
Q

is a part of the volume of soil
measured for bulk density

A

pore space

73
Q

salt

A

saline

74
Q

is the extent that a clay (smallest class of soil particles) soil will expand or contract when wet or dry)

A

Shrink-swell potential

75
Q

high concentration of sodium (alkali soils)

A

sodic

76
Q

consists of loose mineral and organic material on the earth’s surface that serves as a medium for the growth of
plants.

A

soil

77
Q

exchanges soil and atmospheric air to maintain adequate oxygen for plant roots

A

soil aeration

78
Q

having less oxygen and more carbon dioxide than the atmosphere

A

soil air

79
Q

is according to individual three-dimensional entities which are grouped according to similar physical, chemical and mineralogical properties

A

soil classification

80
Q

is the distance between the soil surface and the layer which is unfavorable for root growth

A

soil depth

81
Q

Water held by soils and the nutrients it contains.

A

soil solution

82
Q

refers to the amount of sand, silt and clay in the soil

A

soil texture

83
Q

refers to arrangement of soil particles

A

structure

84
Q

is the layer just under the topsoil

A

subsoil

85
Q

feel, appearance, or consistency of a surface or a substance

A

texture

86
Q

the surface or very top layer of soil

A

topsoil

87
Q

how water is moved through plants into the air

A

transpiration

88
Q

saturation of soil with water

A

water-logged

Intro to Ag 1 Key Terms (14 decks)

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