Chapter 2

Question 1

Analytical thinking

Answer 1

Slow and reflective thinking that takes mental effort

Question 2

Intuitive thinking

Answer 2

“Autopilot” / quick thinking

Question 3

Reliability

Answer 3

Consistency of measurement

Question 4

Validity

Answer 4

Extent to which a measure assesses what it purports to measure
Ex. Truth in advertising

Question 5

Heuristics

Answer 5

Mental shortcuts

Question 6

Naturalistic observation

Answer 6

Watching behaviour in a real world setting without manipulating the situation

Question 7

Response sets

Answer 7

When a person distorts their answers to paint themselves in a more positive light

Question 8

Malingering

Answer 8

Make ourselves seem psychologically disturbed with the aim of achieving a personal goal

Question 9

Halo effect

Answer 9

One positive characteristic influences other positive characteristics

Question 10

Existence proofs

Answer 10

Demonstration that a given psychological phenomenon can occur

Question 11

External validity

Answer 11

Extent to which we can generalize findings to real world settings

Question 12

Internal validity

Answer 12

Extent to which we can draw cause-and-effect inferences from a study

Question 13

Illusory correlation

Answer 13

Perception of a statistical association between two variables where none exists
Ex. Superstition (coincidence)

Question 14

Positive correlation

Answer 14

One variables changes affects others to change in the same direction

Question 15

Zero correlation

Answer 15

Variables don’t go together

Question 16

Negative correlation

Answer 16

One variable changes causes others to change in the opposite direction

Question 17

Placebo effect

Answer 17

Improvement resulting from mere expectation of improvement

Question 18

Nocebo effect

Answer 18

Harm resulting from expectation of harm

Question 19

Experimenter expectancy effect

Answer 19

Hypothesis leads them to unintentionally bias the outcome

Question 20

Informed consent

Answer 20

Informing research participants of what study involves before asking for participation

Question 21

Central tendency

Answer 21

Measure of central scores in a data set.
- mean: average
- median: middle score
- mode: most frequent score

Question 22

Variability

Answer 22

Measure of how loosely or tightly bunched the scores are.
- range: difference between highest and lowest scores
- standard: how far from the mean

Question 23

Extrasensory perception

Answer 23

1. Precognition: knowledge of future through paranormal means
2. Telepathy: reading minds
3. Clairvoyance: detecting objects/people that are hidden from view