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chapter 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

during ejactulation how many sperm and released and what happens

A

200 million to 500 million sperm but only a few hundred complete the 15 to 20 centimetre journey to the fallopian tubes

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2
Q

chromosomes

A

thread like structures in the nucleus of the cell that contain genetic material

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3
Q

when an egg and sperm combine at fertilization

A

the new individual will have the full set of 46 chromosomes, when a sperm penetrates an egg, their chromosomes combine to produce 23 pairs of chromosomes

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4
Q

in vitro fertilization (IVF)

A

involves mixing sperm and egg together in a laboratory dish and then places a few of these fertilized eggs in the mothers uterus

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5
Q

autosomes

A

the first 22 pairs of chromosomes

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6
Q

sex chromosomes

A

the 23rd pair of chromosomes, which determines the sex of the child

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7
Q

DNA

A

a molecule composed of four nucleotide bases, DNA is the biochemical basis of heredity (each chromosomes consists of one molecule of DNA)

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8
Q

gene

A

a group of nucleotide bases that provide a specific set of biochemical instructions

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9
Q

genotype

A

a persons heredity makeup

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10
Q

phenotype

A

the physical, behavioural, and psychological feature that are the result of the interaction between one’s genes and the environment

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11
Q

allele

A

pairs of genes that carry the same traits and are located at the same place on pairs of chromosomes

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12
Q

homozygous

A

containing a pair of the same alleles

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13
Q

heterozygous

A

containing two different alleles

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14
Q

dominant allele

A

expressed whether alone or in pairs, symbolized by a capital letter

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15
Q

recessive allele

A

expressed only in the absence of a dominant allele, symbolized by lowercase

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16
Q

incomplete dominance

A

the situation in which one allele does not dominate another completely

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17
Q

sickle cell trait

A

a disorder in which individuals show signs of mild anemia only when they are seriously deprived of oxygen; occurs in individuals who have one dominant allele for normal blood cells and one recessive sickle cell allele

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18
Q

Huntington’s disease

A

a type of dementia caused by a dominant allele; characterized by degeneration of the nervous system

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19
Q

hemophilia

A

a disorder in which the blood does not clot easily and sufferers can bleed severely from even minor injury (sex-linked)

20
Q

down syndrome

A

a disorder caused by an extra 21st chromosome, that results in intellectual disability and a distinctive appearance

21
Q

a genetic counsellor constructs a

A

detailed family history that can be used to decide whether it’s likely that either the man or women carrie’s the allele for the disorder that concerns them

22
Q

behavioural genetics

A

the branch of genetics that deals with inheritance of behavioural and psychological traits

23
Q

polygenic inheritance

A

when phenotypes are the result of the combined activity of many separate genes

24
Q

monozygotic twins

A

twins that result when a single fertilized egg splits to for two new individuals

25
Q

because identical twins come from the same fertilized egg,

A

they have the same genes that control body structure, height, and facial features

26
Q

dizygotic twins

A

fraternal twins that are the result of the fertilization of two separate eggs by two sperm

27
Q

clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)

A

gene or genome editing has been made possible by the development of this procedure

28
Q

making edits genetically

A

short sequences of DNA can be cut out of or added to the genome. the procedure allows for specific genetic material to be deleted and replaced by other DNA

29
Q

reaction range

A

the phenomenon that a particular genotype can interact with various environments to produce a range of phenotypes

30
Q

children’s experiences can

A

help determine how and when genes are activated

31
Q

epigenesis

A

the continuous interplay between genes and multiple levels of the environment (from cells to culture) that drives development

32
Q

methylation

A

a process by which experience changes the expression of DNA, the genetic code is preserved but a gene is silenced by a methyl molecule (genes are “turned off”)

33
Q

heritability coefficient

A

an estimate of the extent to which differences among people reflect heredity

34
Q

heritability coefficients apply only to

A

a specific group of people living in a specific environment

35
Q

niche picking

A

the process of deliberately seeking environments that are compatible with one’s genetic make up

36
Q

example of niche picking

A

children who are bright (due in part to hereditary) may actively seek peers, adults, and activities that strengthen their intellectual development

37
Q

nonshared environmental influences

A

forces in the immediate environment (within a family) that make children different from one another

38
Q

many behavioural and psychological phenotypes reflect the combined activity of many genes. in behavioural genetics this is referred to as

A

polygenic inheritance

39
Q

inherited disorders are usually caused by

A

recessive alleles

40
Q

results of twin and adoption studies indicate that heredity affects

A

intelligence, psychological disorders, and personality

41
Q

canalization

A

used to describe the extent to which genetically determined characteristics are resistance to environmental influences

42
Q

three types of genotype-environment effects

A

passive effect, evocative effects, active effects

43
Q

passive effects

A

parents provide genes and environment, effects lessen with age
(smart parents create smart environments due to smart genes)

44
Q

evocative effects

A

child’s characteristics elicit reactions from other, effects constant with age (smart kids due to smart genes evoke smart environments)

45
Q

active effects

A

child seeks out environments consistent with genotypes, effect increases with age (smart kids due to smart genes seek out smart environments)

developmental psych (7 decks)

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