Chapter 2 Flashcards
___________ are a framework of values within which we conduct research.
research ethics
help researchers identify actions we consider good and bad, and explain the principles by which we make responsible decisions in actual situations.
ethics
which
are composed of laypeople and researchers, evaluate research proposals to make sure
that they follow ethical standards.
Institutional review boards (IRBs)
protect the safety of research participants.
IRBs
Their first task is to decide whether a proposed study increases participants’
risk of injury
how do we minimize risk of injury
reading the literature and consulting with colleagues
Studies that place subjects _____ increase
the chance of harm compared with not participating in the study.
at risk
__________ do not increase the likelihood of injury.
minimal risk studies
IRBs should approve an “at risk” study when
a _____________ determines that risks
to participants are outweighed by gains in knowledge.
risk/benefit analysis
The Belmont Report proposed three principles
respect for persons
beneficence
justice
individuals have
the right of self-determination (basis of
informed consent).
respect for persons
minimize harm and
maximize potential benefits (basis
of risk/benefit analysis).
beneficence
fairness in both the burdens
and benefits of research.
justice
A _____________ agrees in writing to the subject’s participation after relevant details of
the experiment have been explained.
subject or guardian
the most important principle built into ethics codes
the right of a participant to refuse to be in a study
this apply to psychologists and students when they assume the role of psychologists during research or practice.
apa ethical guidelines
may be used when it is the best
way to obtain information.
deception
The experimenter should provide _______
(full disclosure) after either their personal participation or the completion of the entire study
debriefing
involves explaining the true nature and purpose of the experiment.
debriefing
is an essential component of good experimental research.
debriefing
is an experimenter’s accomplice
confederate
means explaining the true nature and purpose of the study to the subject at the end of their participation or at the completion of the entire experiment.
full disclosure
an experimenter discloses the true nature and purpose of the study to the subject and solicits subjects’ questions at the end of the experiment.
debriefing
means that subjects are not identified by name.
anonymity
means that data are securely stored and only used for the purpose explained to the subject.
confidentiality
how to achieve anonymity
no name or assigning code names
is the humane care and treatment of animals.
animal welfare
Institutions that conduct animal research must establish an _____ to evaluate animal research before it is conducted.
Institutional Animal Care and
Use Committee (IACUC)
must determine that the researchers have explored all alternatives and have documented that there are no other feasible alternatives.
IACUC
is the position that sensate species (those that can feel pain and suffer) have equal value and rights to humans.
animal rights
involves falsifying or fabricating data.
scientific fraud
process filters submitted manuscripts so that only 15-20% of articles
are printed.
peer review
where researchers attempt to reproduce the findings of others, is the second line of defense.
replication
by colleagues for scarce resources, while a cause of fraud, is the
third line of defense.
competition
is misrepresenting someone’s “ideas, words, or written work” as your own.
plagiarism
should only be given to those who made a major contribution to the research or writing.
authorship credit
