Chapter 2

Question 1

___________ are a framework of values within which we conduct research.

Answer 1

research ethics

Question 2

help researchers identify actions we consider good and bad, and explain the principles by which we make responsible decisions in actual situations.

Answer 2

ethics

Question 3

which
are composed of laypeople and researchers, evaluate research proposals to make sure
that they follow ethical standards.

Answer 3

Institutional review boards (IRBs)

Question 4

protect the safety of research participants.

Answer 4

IRBs

Question 5

Their first task is to decide whether a proposed study increases participants’

Answer 5

risk of injury

Question 6

how do we minimize risk of injury

Answer 6

reading the literature and consulting with colleagues

Question 7

Studies that place subjects _____ increase
the chance of harm compared with not participating in the study.

Answer 7

at risk

Question 8

__________ do not increase the likelihood of injury.

Answer 8

minimal risk studies

Question 9

IRBs should approve an “at risk” study when
a _____________ determines that risks
to participants are outweighed by gains in knowledge.

Answer 9

risk/benefit analysis

Question 10

The Belmont Report proposed three principles

Answer 10

respect for persons
beneficence
justice

Question 11

individuals have
the right of self-determination (basis of
informed consent).

Answer 11

respect for persons

Question 12

minimize harm and
maximize potential benefits (basis
of risk/benefit analysis).

Answer 12

beneficence

Question 13

fairness in both the burdens
and benefits of research.

Answer 13

justice

Question 14

A _____________ agrees in writing to the subject’s participation after relevant details of
the experiment have been explained.

Answer 14

subject or guardian

Question 15

the most important principle built into ethics codes

Answer 15

the right of a participant to refuse to be in a study

Question 16

this apply to psychologists and students when they assume the role of psychologists during research or practice.

Answer 16

apa ethical guidelines

Question 17

may be used when it is the best
way to obtain information.

Answer 17

deception

Question 18

The experimenter should provide _______
(full disclosure) after either their personal participation or the completion of the entire study

Answer 18

debriefing

Question 19

involves explaining the true nature and purpose of the experiment.

Answer 19

debriefing

Question 20

is an essential component of good experimental research.

Answer 20

debriefing

Question 21

is an experimenter’s accomplice

Answer 21

confederate

Question 22

means explaining the true nature and purpose of the study to the subject at the end of their participation or at the completion of the entire experiment.

Answer 22

full disclosure

Question 23

an experimenter discloses the true nature and purpose of the study to the subject and solicits subjects’ questions at the end of the experiment.

Answer 23

debriefing

Question 24

means that subjects are not identified by name.

Answer 24

anonymity

Question 25

means that data are securely stored and only used for the purpose explained to the subject.

Answer 25

confidentiality

Question 26

how to achieve anonymity

Answer 26

no name or assigning code names

Question 27

is the humane care and treatment of animals.

Answer 27

animal welfare

Question 28

Institutions that conduct animal research must establish an _____ to evaluate animal research before it is conducted.

Answer 28

Institutional Animal Care and
Use Committee (IACUC)

Question 29

must determine that the researchers have explored all alternatives and have documented that there are no other feasible alternatives.

Answer 29

IACUC

Question 30

is the position that sensate species (those that can feel pain and suffer) have equal value and rights to humans.

Answer 30

animal rights

Question 31

involves falsifying or fabricating data.

Answer 31

scientific fraud

Question 32

process filters submitted manuscripts so that only 15-20% of articles
are printed.

Answer 32

peer review

Question 33

where researchers attempt to reproduce the findings of others, is the second line of defense.

Answer 33

replication

Question 34

by colleagues for scarce resources, while a cause of fraud, is the
third line of defense.

Answer 34

competition

Question 35

is misrepresenting someone’s “ideas, words, or written work” as your own.

Answer 35

plagiarism

Question 36

should only be given to those who made a major contribution to the research or writing.

Answer 36

authorship credit