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Experimental Psychology > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

It connotes content and process.

A

Science

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2
Q

Methodology consists of the ______________ we use to collect and evaluate data.

A

scientific techniques

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3
Q

Science consists of two things

A

content and process

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4
Q

Refers to nonscientific data gathering

A

Commonsense psychology

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5
Q

it uses non scientific sources of data and no scientific inference

A

commonsense psychology

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6
Q

non scientific use of information to PREDICT BEHAVIOR

A

nonscientific inference

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7
Q

four examples of non scientific inference

A
  1. gambler’s fallacy
  2. overuse of trait explanations
  3. stereotyping
  4. overconfidence bias
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8
Q

in this, people misuse data to estimate the probability of an event

A

gambler’s fallacy

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9
Q

when we overuse this, we often make unwarranted dispositional attributions and underuse situational information.

A

overuse of trait explanation

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10
Q

we falsely assume that specific behaviors cluster together

A

stereotyping

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11
Q

This bias can reduce the accuracy of our explanations and predictions

A

overuse of trait explanation

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12
Q

Stereotypes ignore ___________

A

individual differences

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13
Q

we feel MORE CONFIDENT about our conclusions than is warranted by available data

A

overconfidence bias

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14
Q

This form of nonscientific inference can result in ERRONEOUS CONCLUSIONS when we don’t recognize the limitations of supporting data.

A

overconfidence bias

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15
Q

he assumes that behavior follows a NATURAL ORDER and can be predicted.

A

alfred north whitehead

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16
Q

Alfred North Whitehead’s ___________ assumes that behavior follows a natural order and can be predicted.

A

scientific mentality

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17
Q

this assumption is essential to science.

A

scientific mentality

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18
Q

Data are empirical when _______ or ________

A

observed or experienced

19
Q

consists of statements generally expressed as equations with few variables that have OVERWHELMING EMPIRICAL SUPPORT

A

law

20
Q

is an interim explanation; a set of related statements used to explain and predict phenomena.

A

theory

21
Q

it is critical to the scientific method.

A

good thinking

22
Q

The principle of ______ is that we prefer the SIMPLEST USEFUL explanation.

A

parsimony

23
Q

Sir Karl Popper proposed that science advances by __________ based on the _________

A

revising theories
weight of evidence

24
Q

Science is _________

A

self correcting

25
Q

The principle of __________ allows us to disprove statements using a single, CONTRARY observation.

A

modus tollens

26
Q

is an exact or systematic REPETITION of a study.

A

replication

27
Q

The four main objectives of science are

A
  • description
  • prediction
  • explanation
  • control
28
Q

is a systematic and UNBIASED ACCOUNT of observed characteristics of behaviors.

A

description

29
Q

is the capability of KNOWING IN ADVANCE when certain behaviors should occur.

A

prediction

30
Q

is KNOWLEDGE of the conditions that reliably PRODUCE A BEHAVIOR.

A

explanation

31
Q

is the use of scientific knowledge to INFLUENCE behavior.

A

control

32
Q

addresses REAL-WORLD problems like how to improve student graduation rates.

A

applied research

33
Q

TESTS THEORIES and explains psychological phenomena like helping behavior.

A

basic research

34
Q

The main tools of psychological science are:

A

● observation
● measurement
● experimentation

35
Q

is the systematic NOTING and RECORDING of events.

A

observation

36
Q

means that the procedures are consistently APPLIED.

A

systematic

37
Q

Observations must be ______ so that there can be strong agreement among raters

A

objective

38
Q

assigns numbers to objects, events, or their characteristics. This is an inherent feature of quantitative research.

A

measurement

39
Q

is the process we use to TEST THE PREDICTIONS we call hypotheses and establish cause-and-effect relationships.

A

experimentation

40
Q

Experimentation is not always possible because our predictions must be

A

testable

41
Q

_________ or ________ may prevent experimentation

A

ethical concerns or technological limitations

42
Q

we control __________ so we that we can measure “what we intend to measure.”

A

extraneous variables

43
Q

Experiments establish a __________, because causes must precede effects.

A

temporal relationship

44
Q

A _________ is any field of study that gives the appearance of being scientific, but has no true scientific basis and has not been confirmed using the scientific method.

A

pseudoscience

Experimental Psychology (3 decks)

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