Chapter 1

Question 1

It connotes content and process.

Answer 1

Science

Question 2

Methodology consists of the ______________ we use to collect and evaluate data.

Answer 2

scientific techniques

Question 3

Science consists of two things

Answer 3

content and process

Question 4

Refers to nonscientific data gathering

Answer 4

Commonsense psychology

Question 5

it uses non scientific sources of data and no scientific inference

Answer 5

commonsense psychology

Question 6

non scientific use of information to PREDICT BEHAVIOR

Answer 6

nonscientific inference

Question 7

four examples of non scientific inference

Answer 7

1. gambler’s fallacy
2. overuse of trait explanations
3. stereotyping
4. overconfidence bias

Question 8

in this, people misuse data to estimate the probability of an event

Answer 8

gambler’s fallacy

Question 9

when we overuse this, we often make unwarranted dispositional attributions and underuse situational information.

Answer 9

overuse of trait explanation

Question 10

we falsely assume that specific behaviors cluster together

Answer 10

stereotyping

Question 11

This bias can reduce the accuracy of our explanations and predictions

Answer 11

overuse of trait explanation

Question 12

Stereotypes ignore ___________

Answer 12

individual differences

Question 13

we feel MORE CONFIDENT about our conclusions than is warranted by available data

Answer 13

overconfidence bias

Question 14

This form of nonscientific inference can result in ERRONEOUS CONCLUSIONS when we don’t recognize the limitations of supporting data.

Answer 14

overconfidence bias

Question 15

he assumes that behavior follows a NATURAL ORDER and can be predicted.

Answer 15

alfred north whitehead

Question 16

Alfred North Whitehead’s ___________ assumes that behavior follows a natural order and can be predicted.

Answer 16

scientific mentality

Question 17

this assumption is essential to science.

Answer 17

scientific mentality

Question 18

Data are empirical when _______ or ________

Answer 18

observed or experienced

Question 19

consists of statements generally expressed as equations with few variables that have OVERWHELMING EMPIRICAL SUPPORT

Answer 19

law

Question 20

is an interim explanation; a set of related statements used to explain and predict phenomena.

Answer 20

theory

Question 21

it is critical to the scientific method.

Answer 21

good thinking

Question 22

The principle of ______ is that we prefer the SIMPLEST USEFUL explanation.

Answer 22

parsimony

Question 23

Sir Karl Popper proposed that science advances by __________ based on the _________

Answer 23

revising theories
weight of evidence

Question 24

Science is _________

Answer 24

self correcting

Question 25

The principle of __________ allows us to disprove statements using a single, CONTRARY observation.

Answer 25

modus tollens

Question 26

is an exact or systematic REPETITION of a study.

Answer 26

replication

Question 27

The four main objectives of science are

Answer 27

- description - prediction - explanation - control

Question 28

is a systematic and UNBIASED ACCOUNT of observed characteristics of behaviors.

Answer 28

description

Question 29

is the capability of KNOWING IN ADVANCE when certain behaviors should occur.

Answer 29

prediction

Question 30

is KNOWLEDGE of the conditions that reliably PRODUCE A BEHAVIOR.

Answer 30

explanation

Question 31

is the use of scientific knowledge to INFLUENCE behavior.

Answer 31

control

Question 32

addresses REAL-WORLD problems like how to improve student graduation rates.

Answer 32

applied research

Question 33

TESTS THEORIES and explains psychological phenomena like helping behavior.

Answer 33

basic research

Question 34

The main tools of psychological science are:

Answer 34

● observation ● measurement ● experimentation

Question 35

is the systematic NOTING and RECORDING of events.

Answer 35

observation

Question 36

means that the procedures are consistently APPLIED.

Answer 36

systematic

Question 37

Observations must be ______ so that there can be strong agreement among raters

Answer 37

objective

Question 38

assigns numbers to objects, events, or their characteristics. This is an inherent feature of quantitative research.

Answer 38

measurement

Question 39

is the process we use to TEST THE PREDICTIONS we call hypotheses and establish cause-and-effect relationships.

Answer 39

experimentation

Question 40

Experimentation is not always possible because our predictions must be

Answer 40

testable

Question 41

_________ or ________ may prevent experimentation

Answer 41

ethical concerns or technological limitations

Question 42

we control __________ so we that we can measure “what we intend to measure.”

Answer 42

extraneous variables

Question 43

Experiments establish a __________, because causes must precede effects.

Answer 43

temporal relationship

Question 44

A _________ is any field of study that gives the appearance of being scientific, but has no true scientific basis and has not been confirmed using the scientific method.

Answer 44

pseudoscience