Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

excitatory postsynaptic potential

A

graded depolarization

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2
Q

inhibitory postsynaptic potential

A

temporary hyperpolarization of a membrane

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3
Q

postsynaptic neuron

A

neuron that receives transmission from another neuron

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4
Q

presynaptic neuron

A

neuron that delivers transmission to another neuron

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5
Q

reflex arc

A

circuit from sensory neuron to muscle response

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6
Q

spatial summation

A

combination of effects from two or more synapses onto a single neuron

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7
Q

spontaneous firing rate

A

periodic production of action potentials without synaptic input

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8
Q

synapse

A

gap as a point of communication between two neurons chemically

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9
Q

temporal summation

A

effect of repeated stimuli within a brief time

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10
Q

acetylcholine

A

modified amino acid

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11
Q

amino acids

A

glutamate, GABA, glycine, aspartate

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12
Q

amphetamine

A

drug that blocks reuptake of dopamine

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13
Q

autoreceptors

A

receptor on presynaptic neuron that provide negative feedback by responding to the released transmitter by inhibiting further release

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14
Q

cannabinoids

A

excites negative-feedback receptors on presynaptic cells

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15
Q

catecholamines

A

dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine

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16
Q

exocytosis

A

release of neurotransmitter from presynaptic neuron into synaptic cleft

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17
Q

g protein

A
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18
Q

gap junction

A

direct contact of one neuron with another, enabling electrical transmissions

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19
Q

ionotropic effects

A

synaptic effect that depend on rapid opening of a gate in the membrane

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20
Q

ligand-gated channels

A

channel that opens when a neurotransmitter attaches to it

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21
Q

metabotropic effects

A

sequence of metabolic reactions that produce slow, long-lasting effects

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22
Q

methylphenidate

A

stimulant drug prescribed for ADHD that increases the stimulation of dopamine synapses by blocking the reuptake of dopamine by the presynaptic neuron

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23
Q

monoamines

A

chemicals formed by a change in certain amino acids, catecholamines or indoleamines

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24
Q

neuropeptides

A

chain of amino acids: endorphins, substance P, neuropeptide Y

25
Q

nitric oxide

A

a gas released by many small local neurons

26
Q

pituitary gland

A

an endocrine gland attached to the base of the hypothalamus

27
Q

purines

A

ATP, adenosine

28
Q

releasing hormones

A

hormone released by the hypothalamus that flows through the blood to the anterior pituitary

29
Q

reuptake

A

reabsorption of a neurotransmitter by the presynaptic terminal

30
Q

second messenger

A

a chemical that, when activated by a neurotransmitter, initiates communication to many areas within the neuron

31
Q

synaptic cleft

A

the space between the presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons

32
Q

transmitter-gated channels

A

ion channel that opens temporarily when a neurotransmitter binds to it

33
Q

vasopressin

A

antidiuretic hormone released by posterior pituitary, raises blood pressure and enables kidneys to conserve water

34
Q

vesicles

A

tiny nearly spherical packets filled with neurotransmitter molecules

35
Q

what evidence led sherrington to conclude that transmission at a synapse is not the same as transmission along an axon?

A

the velocity of conduction through a reflex arc is slower than the velocity of an action potential along an axon, a delay must occur at the junction between two neurons

36
Q

what ion gates in the membrane open during an EPSP?

A

sodium gates open

37
Q

what gates open during an IPSP?

A

chloride gates open

38
Q

what was sherrington’s evidence for inhibition in the nervous system?

A

a reflex that stimulates a flexor muscle prevents contraction of the extensor muscles of the same limb, sherrington inferred that an interneuron that excites one set of motor neurons inhibits the input to another set

39
Q

can an inhibitory message flow along an axon?

A

no, only action potentials propagate along an axon, inhibitory messages decay over time and distance

40
Q

sherrington based his conclusions on what type of evidence?

A

observations of reflexive responses

41
Q

what was loewi’s evidence that neurotransmission depends on the release of chemicals?

A

when loewi stimulated a nerve that increased or decreased a frog’s heart rate, he could withdraw fluid from the area around the heart, transfer it to another frog’s heart, and thereby increase or decrease its rate also

42
Q

indoleamines

A

serotonin

43
Q

across species, how much do neurotransmitters vary?

A

most animals have all or nearly all the same neurotransmitters

44
Q

when the action potential reaches the presynaptic terminal, which ion must enter the presynaptic terminal to evoke release of the neurotransmitter?

A

calcium

45
Q

ionotropic synapses are most important for what types of behavior?

A

most important when precise timing is important, visual or auditory perception

46
Q

how do LSD and opiate drugs influence behavior?

A

LSD binds to one type of serotonin receptor, opiates bind to endorphin receptors

47
Q

what happens to acetylcholine molecules after they stimulate a postsynaptic receptor?

A

enzyme acetylcholinesterase breaks acetylcholine molecules into two smaller molecules, acetate and choline. The presynaptic neuron then reabsorbs the choline

48
Q

what happens to serotonin and catecholamine molecules after they stimulate a postsynaptic receptor?

A

most serotonin and catecholamine molecules are reabsorbed by the presynaptic terminal, some of their molecules are broken down into inactive chemicals, which then diffuse away

49
Q

how do amphetamine and cocaine influence synapses?

A

they block reuptake of released dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine

50
Q

why is methylphenidate generally less disruptive to behavior than cocaine, despite the drugs’ similar mechanisms?

A

the effects of a methylphenidate pill rise and fall more slowly than those of cocaine

51
Q

how do cannabinoids affect neurons?

A

cannabinoids released by the postsynaptic neuron attach to receptors on presynaptic neurons, where they inhibit further release of both glutamate and GABA

52
Q

nicotine

A

mimics effect of acetylcholine, which increases dopamine release

53
Q

MDMA (ecstasy)

A

releases dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine

54
Q

which part of the pituitary is neural tissue, similar to the hypothalamus? which part is glandular tissue and produces hormones that control the secretions by other endocrine organs?

A

the posterior pituitary is neural tissue like the hypothalamus, the anterior pituitary is glandular tissue and produces hormones that control several other endocrine organs

54
Q

what do releasing hormones do?

A

hypothalamus secretes releasing hormones, which control release of hormones by the pituitary gland

55
Q

brain excitatory neurotransmitter

A

glutamate

55
Q

brain inhibitory neurotransmitter

A

GABA

56
Q

what happens when a neurotransmitter binds to a metabotropic receptor?

A

bends the receptor protein

57
Q
A