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physiological psychology > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

david chalmers

A

easy and hard problem of consciousness

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2
Q

where does perception occur

A

in the brain

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3
Q

mental activity and brain activity are inseparable (t/f)

A

true

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4
Q

monism

A

belief that universe consists of only one kind of substance or being

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5
Q

dualism

A

belief that mind and brain are different substances and exist independently

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6
Q

who advocated for dualism

A

rene descartes

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7
Q

neural diversity

A

everyone varies in receptors in the brain and how they respond to stimuli

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8
Q

physiological explanation of behavior

A

relates behavior to activity of brain and other organs

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9
Q

physiological behavior example

A

male birds can sing because the brain area that allows singing is larger in males than females

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10
Q

ontogenetic explanation of behavior

A

how a structure or behavior develops due to influence of genes, nutrition, experiences, and interactions

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11
Q

ontogenetic behavior example

A

young male birds learn to sing from other male birds

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12
Q

evolutionary explanation of behavior

A

characteristic features are modifications of something found in ancestral species

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13
Q

evolutionary behavior example

A

similar species of birds have similar songs, evolved from single ancestor

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14
Q

functional explanation of behavior

A

describes why a behavior or structure evolved

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15
Q

functional behavior example

A

only the male bird sings to attract mates and ward off males

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16
Q

absolute refractory period

A

a time when the membrane is unable to produce an action potential

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17
Q

action potential

A

all-or-none message sent by axon

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18
Q

all-or-none law

A

amplitude and velocity of an action potential are independent of the stimulus that initiated it

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19
Q

concentration gradient

A

difference in distribution of ions across the neuron’s membrane

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20
Q

depolarize

A

to reduce polarization toward zero across a membrane

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21
Q

electrical gradient

A

difference in electrical charges between the inside and outside of the cell

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22
Q

graded potentials

A

a membrane potential that varies in magnitude in proportion to the intensity of the stimulus

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23
Q

hyperpolarization

A

increased polarization across a membrane (more negative, farther from zero)

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24
Q

in a myelinated axon, how would the action potential be affected if the nodes were much closer together? how might it be affected if the nodes were much farther apart?

A

if the nodes were closer, the action potential would travel more slowly. if they were much farther apart, the current might not be able to stimulate the next node enough to reach its threshold.

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25
during the rise of the action potential, do sodium ions move into the cell or out of it? why?
during the action potential, sodium ions move into the cell. the voltage-dependent sodium gates have opened, letting sodium move freely. sodium is attracted to the inside of the cell by both an electrical and a concentration gradient.
26
as the membrane reaches the peak of the action potential, what brings the membrane down to the original resting potential?
after the peak of the action potential, potassium ions exit the cell, driving the membrane back to the resting potential. the sodium–potassium pump is too slow for this purpose.
27
does the all-or-none law apply to dendrites? why or why not?
the all-or-none law does not apply to dendrites, because they do not have action potentials
28
what happens if the depolarization does or does not reach the threshold?
if the depolarization reaches or passes the threshold, the cell produces an action potential. if it is less than threshold, no action potential arises.
29
when the membrane is at rest, are the sodium ions more concentrated inside the cell or outside? where are the potassium ions more concentrated?
sodium ions are more concentrated outside the cell, and potassium is more concentrated inside
30
when the membrane is at rest, what tends to drive the potassium ions out of the cell? what tends to draw them into the cell?
when the membrane is at rest, the concentration gradient tends to drive potassium ions out of the cell, and the electrical gradient draws them into the cell. the sodium–potassium pump also draws them into the cell.
31
local anesthetic
drugs that attach to the sodium channels of the membrane, stopping action potential
32
local neurons
neurons without an axon
33
myelinated axons
axons covered with insulated material composed of fat and protein
34
polarization
difference in electrical charges between the inside and outside of the cell
35
propagation of action potential
transmission of an action potential down an axon
36
refractory period
time when the cell resists the production of further action potentials
37
relative refractory period
time after the absolute refractory period that requires a stronger stimulus to initiate an action potential
38
resting potential
condition of a neuron’s membrane when it has not been stimulated or inhibited
39
saltatory conduction
the jumping of action potentials from node to node
40
selectively permeable
a barrier that permits some chemicals to pass more readily than others
41
sodium-potassium pump
mechanism that actively transports sodium ions out of the cell while drawing in two potassium
42
threshold
minimum amount of membrane depolarization necessary to trigger an action potential
43
voltage-gated channels
membrane channel whose permeability to an ion depends on the volt difference across the membrane
44
how many axons does one neuron have
one axon
45
why is an action potential a better way for an axon to transmit information than electrical conduction would be?
an action potential does not decrease its intensity over distance
46
when the membrane is at rest, which gradient or gradients tend to draw sodium ions into the cell?
both the electrical gradient and the concentration gradient
47
what causes the rising portion of the action potential?
sodium ions are moving into the cell
48
after the peak of the action potential, the membrane returns toward its resting level. what accounts for this recovery?
potassium ions move out because of the concentration gradient
49
if a membrane is depolarized to twice its threshold, what happens?
the action potential is the same as usual
50
the all-or-none law applies to what part of a neuron?
the axon
51
what causes the absolute refractory period of an axon?
the sodium channels are shut
52
what does the myelin sheath of an axon accomplish?
it increases the velocity of action potentials
53
active transport
protein-mediated process that expends energy to enable a molecule to cross a membrane
54
afferent axon
axon that brings information into a structure
55
astrocytes
star-shaped glia that synchronize the activity of the axons
56
blood-brain barrier
mechanism that excludes most chemicals from the brain
57
dendrites
branching fibers from a neuron that receive information from other neurons
58
efferent axon
neuron that carries information away from a structure
59
glia
cell in the nervous system that does not conduct impulses over long distances
60
interneuron
neuron whose axons and dendrites are all confined within a given structure
61
motor neuron
neuron that receives excitation from other neurons and conducts impulses to a muscle
62
nodes of ranvier
interruptions in the myelin sheath of vertebrate axons
63
radial glia
cells that guide the migration of neurons and the growth of axons and dendrites during embryological development
64
schwann cells/oligodendrocytes
glia cells that build myelin sheaths
65
sensory neuron
neuron that is highly sensitive to a specific type of stimulation
66
thiamine
a B1 vitamin necessary to use glucose
67
what do dendritic spines do?
they increase the surface area available for synapses
68
which part of a neuron has the chromosomes?
the cell body
69
santiago ramón y cajal clearly demonstrated which of the following?
the nervous system is composed of separate cells
70
what is a function of microglia?
they remove dead cells and weak synapses
71
under what condition do the intestinal bacteria produce more inflammatory chemicals?
under stressful conditions that might lead to depression
72
what is the brain’s main source of fuel?
glucose
73
what chemicals cross the blood–brain barrier by active transport?
glucose and amino acids
74
which chemicals cross the blood–brain barrier passively?
molecules that dissolve in fats enter passively. so do water and several ions for which the membrane has specific channels
75
why would weakened mitochondria affect the brain more than other organs?
the brain uses more energy than any other organ
76
of the three types of neuron—sensory, motor, and intrinsic—which would have the shortest axons?
because an interneuron is contained entirely within one part of the brain, its axon is short
77
how does the minimalist position differ from the abolitionist position?
a minimalist wishes to limit animal research to studies with little discomfort and much potential value. an abolitionist wishes to eliminate all animal research regardless of how the animals are treated or how much value the research might produce.

physiological psychology (2 decks)

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