Chapter 2

Question 1

value chain

Answer 1

A series (chain) of activities that an organization performs to transform inputs into outputs in such a way that the value of the input is increased.

Question 1

supply chain

Answer 1

A key value chain whose primary activities include inbound logistics, operations, outbound logistics, marketing and sales, and service.

Question 2

reengineering (process redesign) BPR

Answer 2

The radical redesign of business processes, organizational structures, information systems, and values of the organization to achieve a breakthrough in business results.

Question 3

continuous improvement

Answer 3

Constantly seeking ways to improve business processes and add value to products and services.

Question 4

downsizing

Answer 4

Reducing the number of employees to cut costs.

Question 5

change management model

Answer 5

A description of the phases an individual or organization goes through in making a change and principles for successful implementation of change.

Question 6

force field analysis

Answer 6

An approach to identifying both the driving (positive) and restraining (negative) forces that influence whether change can occur.

Question 6

Lewin’s change model

Answer 6

A three-stage approach for implementing change that involves unfreezing, moving, and refreezing.

Question 7

Driving Forces

Answer 7

The beliefs, expectations, and cultural norms that tend to encourage a change and give it momentum.

Question 8

restraining forces

Answer 8

Forces that make it difficult to accept a change or to work to implement a change.

Question 9

Leavitt’s diamond

Answer 9

An organizational change model that proposes that every organizational system is made up of four main components- people, tasks, structure, and technology- that all interact; any change in one of these elements will necessitate a change in the other three elements.

Question 10

supply chain management (SCM)

Answer 10

The management of all the activities required to get the right product in the right consumer’s hands in the right quantity at the right time and at the right cost - from the identification of suppliers and acquisition of raw materials through manufacture and customer delivery

Question 11

virtual team

Answer 11

A group of individuals whose members are distributed geographically, but who collaborate and complete work through the use of information systems

Question 12

innovation

Answer 12

The application of new ideas to the products, processes, and activities of a firm, leading to increased value

Question 13

outsourcing

Answer 13

A long-term business arrangement in which a company contracts with an outside organization that has expertise in providing a specific function

Question 14

offshore outsourcing (offshoring)

Answer 14

An outsourcing arrangement where the organization providing the service is located in a different country different from the firm obtaining the services

Question 15

culture

Answer 15

A set of major understandings and assumptions shared by a group, such as an ethnic group or a country

Question 16

organizational culture

Answer 16

The major understandings and assumptions for a business, corporation, or other organization

Question 17

organizational change

Answer 17

How for-profit and non-profit organizations plan for, implement, and handle change

Question 18

soft side of implementing change

Answer 18

The work designed to help employees embrace a new information system and way of working

Question 19

organizational learning

Answer 19

The adaptations and adjustments made within an organization based on experience and ideas over time

Question 20

technology acceptance model (TAM)

Answer 20

A model that specifies factors that can lead to better attitudes about an information system, along with higher acceptance and usage of it

Question 21

diffusion of innovation theory

Answer 21

A theory developed by E.M. Rogers to explain how a new idea or product gains acceptance and diffuses (or spreads) through a specific population or subset of an organization.

Question 22

shadow IT

Answer 22

The information systems and solutions built and developed by departments other than the information system department. In many cases, the information systems department may not even be aware of these efforts

Question 23

Certification

Answer 23

A process for testing skills and knowledge; successful completion of a certification exam results in a statement by the certifying authority that confirms an individual is capable of performing particular tasks.