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Unit 1 Chapter 3 Cells > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Define Matter, mass, weight?

A

Matter: Anything that takes up space, it is composed of elements
Mass: amount of matter present
Weight: heaviness due to gravitational pull on mass

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2
Q

What is chemistry?

A

The study of composition, properties, interactions of matter

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3
Q

What is bio chemistry?

A

The study of the physiological process and diease

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4
Q

Define element

A

Simplest type of matter with certain chemical properties

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5
Q

Define compounds

A

Chemical combinations of different elements

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6
Q

Define Atom

A

Smallest particles of an element that have properties of that element

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7
Q

What are bulk elements?

A

Required in the body in large amounts
C, O, H, N,S P

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8
Q

What are trace elements?

A

Required by the body in small amounts Fe I

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9
Q

What is the atom structure?

A

Protons: large particles that carry a single positive charge
Neutrons: large particles that carry no electrical charge
Electrons: Small particles that carry a single negative charge

Number of protons equals number of electrons in an atom, therefore atoms are electrically neutral

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10
Q

What is the Atomic Number?

A

Number of protons in the nucleus of an atom of a specific element

Each element has a unique atomic number

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11
Q

What is mass number ?

A

The number of protons plus the number of neutrons in one atom

Electrons do not contribute to the mass of the atom because they are so light.

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12
Q

Define molecule.

A

Particle formed when two or more atoms chemically combine

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13
Q

Define compound.

A

Particle formed when two or more atoms of different elements chemically combine

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14
Q

Define chemical bonds

A

When atoms combine with other atoms.

First shells holds 2 electrons
Second holds 8 electrons
Third holds 8 electrons

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15
Q

Define Ion and Ionic bond

A

Ion: An chemically charged atom that gains or loses electrons to become stable

Ionic bonds : strong chemical bonds formed when ions of opposite attract

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16
Q

What is Cation vs Anion?

A

Cation: a positively charged ion, formed when an atom loses electrons

Anion: A negatively charged ion, formed when an atom gains electrons

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17
Q

Define covalent bonds.

A

Strong chemical bonds, formed between atoms that share electrons

Both atoms become stable.

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18
Q

Non polar vs polar?

A

Non polar:
- electrons are shared equally
- found between atoms with the same electronegativity
-Atoms of the same element have the same # of protons, and pull shared electrons equally

Polar:
-Electrons are not shared equally
-found with atoms with different electronegativity
- forms polar molecules with unequal charge distribution
- atoms with larger # of protons have higher electronegativity and pull shared electrons closer to their nucleus
- WATER IS POLAR

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19
Q

Define Hydrogen Bond

A

Relatively weak attraction of slightly positive H end of one polar molecule to slightly negative N or O end of a nearby polar molecule

  • form between adjacent water molecules
    IMPORTANT FOR PROTEIN AND NUCLEIC ACID STRUCTURE
20
Q

When do chemical reactions occur?

A

When chemical bonds form or break between atoms, ions or molecules

21
Q

Define reactants & products

A

1.The starting material of a chemical reaction: the atoms, ions, or molecules

2.Substances formed at the end of the chemical reaction

22
Q

Define Synthesis reaction

A

More complex chemical structure is form

A + B -> AB

23
Q

Define Decomposition reaction

A

Chemical bonds are broken to form a simpler chemical structure

AB -> A + B

24
Q

Define Exchange reaction

A

Chemical bonds are broken and new bonds are formed

AB + CD -> AD + CB

25
Define reversible reaction
The products can change back to the reactants A + B <-> AB
26
Define electrolytes
Substances that release ions in water. The solution can conduct an electric current, so it is called an electrolyte
27
Define acids
Electrolytes that dissociate to release hydrogen ions in the water
28
Define bases
Substance that release ions that can combine wit h hydrogen ions
29
Define salts
Electrolytes formed by the reaction between an acid and a base
30
Define Ph Scale and the ph of blood
Indicates the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution Blood ph is 7.35-7.4~ Neutral= ph7 Acidic= ph less than 7 Basic= ph more than 7
31
Organic vs Inorganic molecules
Organic: contains C and H * depending on the type, dissolve in either water or organic liquids *water-solube organic compounds do not release ions, and are non-electrolytes Ex : carbohydrates, proteins, lipids & nucleic acids Inorganic: generally do not contain C&H *usually dissolve in the water and dissociate, forming ions, and are electrolytes Ex: water, oxygen, carbon dioxide & inorganic salts
32
Water: inorganic substances?
* most abundant compound in living material * two-thirds of the weight of an adult human *major component of all body fluids *medium for most metabolic reactions * important role in transporting chemicals in the body * absorbs and transports heat *water balance exists when gains equal loses *water is a solvent that many solutes dissolve in
33
Oxygen: inorganic substances?
*used by organelles to release energy from nutrients in order to drive cells metabolic activities * necessary for travel
34
Carbon: inorganic substances
*waste product released during metabolic reactions * must be removed from the body through exhaling
35
Inorganic salts?
*abundant in body fluids *sources of necessary ions *play important role in metabolism *help control H2O concentration, pH, blood clotting, nerve and muscle processes * electrolyte balance exists when gains equal losses
36
Carbohydrates?
Main source of cellular energy • supply material to blood cell structure •water-soluble • contains C, H , and O •ration of H to O close to 2:1 C6H12O6
37
Classification of carbohydrates?
*Monosaccarides (single sugars) : Glucose, fructose * Disaccharide (double sugars) : Sucrose, lactose *polysaccharides (complex carbohydrates) : starch, glycogen, cellulose
38
Lipids?
-Insoluble in water, soluble in organic solvents -Includes triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids -important component of cell membranes, and have several functions in cells
39
Saturated fatty acids?
-Have only single carbon-carbon bonds -Most are solid at room temperature -most are of animal origin
40
Unsaturated fatty acids?
-have one or more carbon-carbon double bond -most are liquid at room temp -most are of plant origin
41
Phospholipids?
Main structural component of cell membrane They have glycerol, 2 fatty acids, and a phosphate group
42
Proteins?
-used as structural materials, energy source, hormones, receptors, enzymes, antibodies -consists of building blocks called amino acids - An amino acid contains an amino group, a carboxyl - Amnio acids are bound to each other by peptide bonds - peptide bonds from between the amino group of one amino acid, the carboxyl group of the adjacent amino acid
43
Nucleic Acids?
-carry genetic code DNA or aids In protein synthesis RNA - Nucleic acids encode amino acid sequences of proteins - building blocks are called nucleotides, which consist of a sugar, a phosphate group, an organic base DNA: Deoxyribonucleic acid : double chain of nucleotides RNA: Ribonucleic Acid : a single chain of nucleotides
44
DNA
-stores genetic code -contains the sugar deoxyribose Structure double helix & composed of nucleotides
45
RNA
-interacts with DNA to conduct protein synthesis -contains the sugar ribose Single stranded structure & composed of nucleotides

Unit 1 Chapter 3 Cells (3 decks)

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