Chapter 2 Flashcards
Define Matter, mass, weight?
Matter: Anything that takes up space, it is composed of elements
Mass: amount of matter present
Weight: heaviness due to gravitational pull on mass
What is chemistry?
The study of composition, properties, interactions of matter
What is bio chemistry?
The study of the physiological process and diease
Define element
Simplest type of matter with certain chemical properties
Define compounds
Chemical combinations of different elements
Define Atom
Smallest particles of an element that have properties of that element
What are bulk elements?
Required in the body in large amounts
C, O, H, N,S P
What are trace elements?
Required by the body in small amounts Fe I
What is the atom structure?
Protons: large particles that carry a single positive charge
Neutrons: large particles that carry no electrical charge
Electrons: Small particles that carry a single negative charge
Number of protons equals number of electrons in an atom, therefore atoms are electrically neutral
What is the Atomic Number?
Number of protons in the nucleus of an atom of a specific element
Each element has a unique atomic number
What is mass number ?
The number of protons plus the number of neutrons in one atom
Electrons do not contribute to the mass of the atom because they are so light.
Define molecule.
Particle formed when two or more atoms chemically combine
Define compound.
Particle formed when two or more atoms of different elements chemically combine
Define chemical bonds
When atoms combine with other atoms.
First shells holds 2 electrons
Second holds 8 electrons
Third holds 8 electrons
Define Ion and Ionic bond
Ion: An chemically charged atom that gains or loses electrons to become stable
Ionic bonds : strong chemical bonds formed when ions of opposite attract
What is Cation vs Anion?
Cation: a positively charged ion, formed when an atom loses electrons
Anion: A negatively charged ion, formed when an atom gains electrons
Define covalent bonds.
Strong chemical bonds, formed between atoms that share electrons
Both atoms become stable.
Non polar vs polar?
Non polar:
- electrons are shared equally
- found between atoms with the same electronegativity
-Atoms of the same element have the same # of protons, and pull shared electrons equally
Polar:
-Electrons are not shared equally
-found with atoms with different electronegativity
- forms polar molecules with unequal charge distribution
- atoms with larger # of protons have higher electronegativity and pull shared electrons closer to their nucleus
- WATER IS POLAR
Define Hydrogen Bond
Relatively weak attraction of slightly positive H end of one polar molecule to slightly negative N or O end of a nearby polar molecule
- form between adjacent water molecules
IMPORTANT FOR PROTEIN AND NUCLEIC ACID STRUCTURE
When do chemical reactions occur?
When chemical bonds form or break between atoms, ions or molecules
Define reactants & products
1.The starting material of a chemical reaction: the atoms, ions, or molecules
2.Substances formed at the end of the chemical reaction
Define Synthesis reaction
More complex chemical structure is form
A + B -> AB
Define Decomposition reaction
Chemical bonds are broken to form a simpler chemical structure
AB -> A + B
Define Exchange reaction
Chemical bonds are broken and new bonds are formed
AB + CD -> AD + CB
Define reversible reaction
The products can change back to the reactants
A + B <-> AB
Define electrolytes
Substances that release ions in water. The solution can conduct an electric current, so it is called an electrolyte
Define acids
Electrolytes that dissociate to release hydrogen ions in the water
Define bases
Substance that release ions that can combine wit h hydrogen ions
Define salts
Electrolytes formed by the reaction between an acid and a base
Define Ph Scale and the ph of blood
Indicates the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution
Blood ph is 7.35-7.4~
Neutral= ph7
Acidic= ph less than 7
Basic= ph more than 7
Organic vs Inorganic molecules
Organic: contains C and H
* depending on the type, dissolve in either water or organic liquids
*water-solube organic compounds do not release ions, and are non-electrolytes
Ex : carbohydrates, proteins, lipids & nucleic acids
Inorganic: generally do not contain C&H
*usually dissolve in the water and dissociate, forming ions, and are electrolytes
Ex: water, oxygen, carbon dioxide & inorganic salts
Water: inorganic substances?
- most abundant compound in living material
- two-thirds of the weight of an adult human
*major component of all body fluids
*medium for most metabolic reactions - important role in transporting chemicals in the body
- absorbs and transports heat
*water balance exists when gains equal loses
*water is a solvent that many solutes dissolve in
Oxygen: inorganic substances?
*used by organelles to release energy from nutrients in order to drive cells metabolic activities
* necessary for travel
Carbon: inorganic substances
*waste product released during metabolic reactions
* must be removed from the body through exhaling
Inorganic salts?
*abundant in body fluids
*sources of necessary ions
*play important role in metabolism
*help control H2O concentration, pH, blood clotting, nerve and muscle processes
* electrolyte balance exists when gains equal losses
Carbohydrates?
Main source of cellular energy
• supply material to blood cell structure
•water-soluble
• contains C, H , and O
•ration of H to O close to 2:1 C6H12O6
Classification of carbohydrates?
*Monosaccarides (single sugars) :
Glucose, fructose
* Disaccharide (double sugars) :
Sucrose, lactose
*polysaccharides (complex carbohydrates) : starch, glycogen, cellulose
Lipids?
-Insoluble in water, soluble in organic solvents
-Includes triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids
-important component of cell membranes, and have several functions in cells
Saturated fatty acids?
-Have only single carbon-carbon bonds
-Most are solid at room temperature
-most are of animal origin
Unsaturated fatty acids?
-have one or more carbon-carbon double bond
-most are liquid at room temp
-most are of plant origin
Phospholipids?
Main structural component of cell membrane
They have glycerol, 2 fatty acids, and a phosphate group
Proteins?
-used as structural materials, energy source, hormones, receptors, enzymes, antibodies
-consists of building blocks called amino acids
- An amino acid contains an amino group, a carboxyl
- Amnio acids are bound to each other by peptide bonds
- peptide bonds from between the amino group of one amino acid, the carboxyl group of the adjacent amino acid
Nucleic Acids?
-carry genetic code DNA or aids In protein synthesis RNA
- Nucleic acids encode amino acid sequences of proteins
- building blocks are called nucleotides, which consist of a sugar, a phosphate group, an organic base
DNA: Deoxyribonucleic acid : double chain of nucleotides
RNA: Ribonucleic Acid : a single chain of nucleotides
DNA
-stores genetic code
-contains the sugar deoxyribose
Structure double helix & composed of nucleotides
RNA
-interacts with DNA to conduct protein synthesis
-contains the sugar ribose
Single stranded structure & composed of nucleotides
