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Unit 1 Chapter 3 Cells > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Define Matter, mass, weight?

A

Matter: Anything that takes up space, it is composed of elements
Mass: amount of matter present
Weight: heaviness due to gravitational pull on mass

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2
Q

What is chemistry?

A

The study of composition, properties, interactions of matter

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3
Q

What is bio chemistry?

A

The study of the physiological process and diease

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4
Q

Define element

A

Simplest type of matter with certain chemical properties

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5
Q

Define compounds

A

Chemical combinations of different elements

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6
Q

Define Atom

A

Smallest particles of an element that have properties of that element

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7
Q

What are bulk elements?

A

Required in the body in large amounts
C, O, H, N,S P

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8
Q

What are trace elements?

A

Required by the body in small amounts Fe I

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9
Q

What is the atom structure?

A

Protons: large particles that carry a single positive charge
Neutrons: large particles that carry no electrical charge
Electrons: Small particles that carry a single negative charge

Number of protons equals number of electrons in an atom, therefore atoms are electrically neutral

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10
Q

What is the Atomic Number?

A

Number of protons in the nucleus of an atom of a specific element

Each element has a unique atomic number

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11
Q

What is mass number ?

A

The number of protons plus the number of neutrons in one atom

Electrons do not contribute to the mass of the atom because they are so light.

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12
Q

Define molecule.

A

Particle formed when two or more atoms chemically combine

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13
Q

Define compound.

A

Particle formed when two or more atoms of different elements chemically combine

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14
Q

Define chemical bonds

A

When atoms combine with other atoms.

First shells holds 2 electrons
Second holds 8 electrons
Third holds 8 electrons

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15
Q

Define Ion and Ionic bond

A

Ion: An chemically charged atom that gains or loses electrons to become stable

Ionic bonds : strong chemical bonds formed when ions of opposite attract

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16
Q

What is Cation vs Anion?

A

Cation: a positively charged ion, formed when an atom loses electrons

Anion: A negatively charged ion, formed when an atom gains electrons

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17
Q

Define covalent bonds.

A

Strong chemical bonds, formed between atoms that share electrons

Both atoms become stable.

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18
Q

Non polar vs polar?

A

Non polar:
- electrons are shared equally
- found between atoms with the same electronegativity
-Atoms of the same element have the same # of protons, and pull shared electrons equally

Polar:
-Electrons are not shared equally
-found with atoms with different electronegativity
- forms polar molecules with unequal charge distribution
- atoms with larger # of protons have higher electronegativity and pull shared electrons closer to their nucleus
- WATER IS POLAR

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19
Q

Define Hydrogen Bond

A

Relatively weak attraction of slightly positive H end of one polar molecule to slightly negative N or O end of a nearby polar molecule

  • form between adjacent water molecules
    IMPORTANT FOR PROTEIN AND NUCLEIC ACID STRUCTURE
20
Q

When do chemical reactions occur?

A

When chemical bonds form or break between atoms, ions or molecules

21
Q

Define reactants & products

A

1.The starting material of a chemical reaction: the atoms, ions, or molecules

2.Substances formed at the end of the chemical reaction

22
Q

Define Synthesis reaction

A

More complex chemical structure is form

A + B -> AB

23
Q

Define Decomposition reaction

A

Chemical bonds are broken to form a simpler chemical structure

AB -> A + B

24
Q

Define Exchange reaction

A

Chemical bonds are broken and new bonds are formed

AB + CD -> AD + CB

25
Q

Define reversible reaction

A

The products can change back to the reactants

A + B <-> AB

26
Q

Define electrolytes

A

Substances that release ions in water. The solution can conduct an electric current, so it is called an electrolyte

27
Q

Define acids

A

Electrolytes that dissociate to release hydrogen ions in the water

28
Q

Define bases

A

Substance that release ions that can combine wit h hydrogen ions

29
Q

Define salts

A

Electrolytes formed by the reaction between an acid and a base

30
Q

Define Ph Scale and the ph of blood

A

Indicates the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution

Blood ph is 7.35-7.4~

Neutral= ph7
Acidic= ph less than 7
Basic= ph more than 7

31
Q

Organic vs Inorganic molecules

A

Organic: contains C and H
* depending on the type, dissolve in either water or organic liquids
*water-solube organic compounds do not release ions, and are non-electrolytes
Ex : carbohydrates, proteins, lipids & nucleic acids

Inorganic: generally do not contain C&H
*usually dissolve in the water and dissociate, forming ions, and are electrolytes
Ex: water, oxygen, carbon dioxide & inorganic salts

32
Q

Water: inorganic substances?

A
  • most abundant compound in living material
  • two-thirds of the weight of an adult human
    *major component of all body fluids
    *medium for most metabolic reactions
  • important role in transporting chemicals in the body
  • absorbs and transports heat
    *water balance exists when gains equal loses
    *water is a solvent that many solutes dissolve in
33
Q

Oxygen: inorganic substances?

A

*used by organelles to release energy from nutrients in order to drive cells metabolic activities
* necessary for travel

34
Q

Carbon: inorganic substances

A

*waste product released during metabolic reactions
* must be removed from the body through exhaling

35
Q

Inorganic salts?

A

*abundant in body fluids
*sources of necessary ions
*play important role in metabolism
*help control H2O concentration, pH, blood clotting, nerve and muscle processes
* electrolyte balance exists when gains equal losses

36
Q

Carbohydrates?

A

Main source of cellular energy
• supply material to blood cell structure
•water-soluble
• contains C, H , and O
•ration of H to O close to 2:1 C6H12O6

37
Q

Classification of carbohydrates?

A

*Monosaccarides (single sugars) :
Glucose, fructose
* Disaccharide (double sugars) :
Sucrose, lactose
*polysaccharides (complex carbohydrates) : starch, glycogen, cellulose

38
Q

Lipids?

A

-Insoluble in water, soluble in organic solvents
-Includes triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids
-important component of cell membranes, and have several functions in cells

39
Q

Saturated fatty acids?

A

-Have only single carbon-carbon bonds
-Most are solid at room temperature
-most are of animal origin

40
Q

Unsaturated fatty acids?

A

-have one or more carbon-carbon double bond
-most are liquid at room temp
-most are of plant origin

41
Q

Phospholipids?

A

Main structural component of cell membrane

They have glycerol, 2 fatty acids, and a phosphate group

42
Q

Proteins?

A

-used as structural materials, energy source, hormones, receptors, enzymes, antibodies
-consists of building blocks called amino acids
- An amino acid contains an amino group, a carboxyl
- Amnio acids are bound to each other by peptide bonds
- peptide bonds from between the amino group of one amino acid, the carboxyl group of the adjacent amino acid

43
Q

Nucleic Acids?

A

-carry genetic code DNA or aids In protein synthesis RNA
- Nucleic acids encode amino acid sequences of proteins
- building blocks are called nucleotides, which consist of a sugar, a phosphate group, an organic base

DNA: Deoxyribonucleic acid : double chain of nucleotides
RNA: Ribonucleic Acid : a single chain of nucleotides

44
Q

DNA

A

-stores genetic code
-contains the sugar deoxyribose
Structure double helix & composed of nucleotides

45
Q

RNA

A

-interacts with DNA to conduct protein synthesis
-contains the sugar ribose
Single stranded structure & composed of nucleotides

Unit 1 Chapter 3 Cells (3 decks)

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