Chapter 1 Flashcards
What caused interest in early medicine?
Injuries and disease
What is Anatomy?
The study of the structure of the human body
What is Physiology?
The study of the functions of the human body
Levels of organisms?
Cell, Tissue, organ, organ system, organism
How does Anatomy relate to physiology?
- The hand is adapted for grasping
- The ears for receiving sound waves
What are the characteristics of life?
Growth, reproduction, responsiveness, movement, metabolism, respiration, digestion, circulation, excretion
What are the requirements of organisms?
Environmental factors: water, food, oxygen, heat and pressure
Facts about Chemicals as a environmental factor.
Chemical:
Water:
•most abundant substance in the body
•environment for metabolic process
•required for transport of substances
•regulation of body temperature
Food:
•provides necessary nutrients to supply energy
Oxygen:
•releases energy from food
What is heat? What does it do?
• a form of energy
•helps maintain body temperature
•partly controls rate of metabolic reactions
What is pressure?
•application of force on an object
•Atmospheric pressure - important for breathing
•Hydrostatic pressure- keeps blood flowing
What is homeostasis?
Maintenance of a stable internal environment
What is homeostatic mechanics?
Self-regulating systems that monitor aspects of the internal environment and correct them as needed.
What are the 3 major parts of homeostatic mechanisms?
Receptor: detects and provides information about the stimuli
Control Center: decision marker that maintains the set point
Effector: muscle or gland that responds to the control center, and causes the necessary change in the internal environment
What is negative feedback?
• most common type of homeostatic mechanism
• Effectors return condition, toward normal range, and the deviation from setpoint lessens
• Call negative because the response to the change moves the variable in opposite direction of the deviation from the set point
• Prevent sudden severe changes in the body
• Examples, negative feedback, controls, body temperature, blood pressure and glue close levels in the blood
What is positive feedback?
• uncommon feedback mechanism in the body
• the change intensified instead of reversed
• activity or effector is increased initially instead of decreasing
• short-lived
• produce unstable conditions, that seem like they will not lead to homeostasis, but they will
• examples, blood clotting, and the uterine contractions of childbirth
The human body consist of what two main portions?
Axial portion: head, neck and trunk, appendicular portion: upper and lower limbs
What are the major body cavities of the axial portion?
• cranial cavity: house is the brain
• vertebral canal: contains the spinal cord
•thoracic cavity: houses the lungs and thoracic viscera
•abdominopelvic cavity: contains the abdominal and pelvic viscera
What small cavities are found in the head?
Oral cavity, nasal cavity, orbital cavities , middle ear cavities
What lines the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity?
A double layered serious membrane: •consist of two layers:
the visceral layer(inner layer, which covers the organs)
The parietal layer( outer layer, which lines the wall of cavity)
Ex: visceral and parietal pleura/ around the lungs in thorax
What is the Integumentary System?
Body coverings, protection, body temperature regulation, sensory reception, production of vitamin D
What is the skeletal system?
It supports the body and aids in movement, framework, protection, attachment sites, storage of inorganic salt, production of blood cells
What is muscular system?
It provides support and movement, main source of body heat, and posture
What is Nervous system?
Integration and coordination of organ functions through nerve impulses and neurotransmitters, rapid short term effects
What is endocrine system?
Integration and coordination of organ functions through chemical messengers called hormones, slower, longer lasting effects
What is cardiovascular systems ?
Transportation of gases, nutrients, blood cells, hormones and waste
What is lymphatic system?
Transportation of fluids from tissue space to blood, carries fats from digestive system to blood, and defends body from infection
What is Digestive system?
Receives food, breaks down food, absorbs digestion products, excretes waste
What is respiratory system?
Moves air in and out of body, exchanges gases between blood and air, absorbs oxygen
What is urinate system?
Removes blood wastes, regulates electrolytes and water balance and blood pressure, produces urine and excretes it by transporting it to outside of body
What is reproductive system?
Male and female systems produce and transport sex cells, produce hormones, and produce new like organisms. Also for female it provides fetal development and childbirth.
What are life span changes?
- Hair loses pigment
- Skin wrinkles
- Joints develop stiffness
- Metabolic rate decreases
What is Anatomical Position:
Standing erect, facing forward, upper limbs are at the sides, palms facing forward
What are the body sections:
Sagittal, Transverse, Coronal, cross, oblique, longitudinal
What is sagittal section:
A longitudinal cut that divides the body into left and right portions
A mid-sag/ median is when both portions are equal
A para-sag is when are the are unequal
What is a transverse section:
Divides body into superior and inferior parts
Top and bottom
What is coronal section:
A longitudinal cut that divides body into anterior and posterior portions
Cross section:
A cut across the structure
What is oblique section:
An angular cut
What is longitudinal section:
A lengthwise cut
What are the quadrants of regions?
Right upper Quadrant
(RAU)
Left upper Quadrant
(LUQ)
Right lower Quadrant
(RLQ)
Left lower Quadrant
(LLQ)
What are the abdominal regions?
Right hypochondriac region
Epigastric region
Left hypochondriac region
Right lateral region
Umbilical region
Left lateral region
Right Inguinal region
Pubic region
Left inguinal region
