Chapter 2

Question 1

Define Biomechanics

Answer 1

Science of applying principles of mechanics to biological systems

Question 2

Biomechanics is applied to what?

Answer 2

• All motor skills performed in sports
• All training modalities

Question 3

Kinetics

Answer 3

deals with forces that cause motion

Question 4

Kinematics

Answer 4

description of motion

Question 5

What are the types of muscle actions?

Answer 5

• concentric
• eccentric
• isometric
• isokinetic

Question 6

Concentric

Answer 6

muscle shortening (bicep curl up)

Question 7

Eccentric

Answer 7

muscle lengthening (bicep curl lowering weight)

Question 8

Isometric

Answer 8

no change in muscle length with
muscular contraction (plank)

Question 9

Isokinetic

Answer 9

velocity-controlled CON & ECC muscle actions

Question 10

Define Nonpennate

Answer 10

fibers parallel to muscle’s line of pull

Question 11

What are the Nonpennate muscles shapes?

Answer 11

• Longitudinal (strap)
  – Quadrate (quadrilateral)
  – Fan-shaped (radiate, triangular)
  – Fusiform

Question 12

Longitudinal (strap) example

Answer 12

sartorius

Question 13

Quadrate (quadrilateral) example

Answer 13

rhomboids

Question 14

Fan-shaped (radiate, triangular) example

Answer 14

pectoralis major

Question 15

Fusiform example

Answer 15

Biceps brachii

Question 16

Define Pennate

Answer 16

fibers oblique to line of pull

Question 17

What are the Pennate muscle shapes?

Answer 17

• Unipennate
  – Bipennate
  – Multipennate

Question 18

Unipennate example

Answer 18

tibialis posterior

Question 19

Bipennate example

Answer 19

rectus femoris

Question 20

Multipennate example

Answer 20

deltoid

Question 21

What aspects affect muscle fiber arrangement?

Answer 21

the Angle of pennation and Muscle fascicle length

Question 22

Angle of pennation

Answer 22

• Angle between fibers & central tendon
• Low (≤5°)
• High (>30°)

Question 23

Muscle fascicle length

Answer 23

the longer the fascicle, the higher the potential contraction velocity

Question 24

Linear Motion

Answer 24

all points on object move in a
straight line

Question 25

Angular Motion

Answer 25

all points move around an axis
(such as the elbow or knee)

Question 26

Define Torque

Answer 26

• Rotation caused by a force about a specific axis

– Product of force & moment arm length

Question 27

Define Lever

Answer 27

• Used to overcome large resistance & enhance speed & ROM

Question 28

What are the components of Lever?

Answer 28

• fulcrum (pivot point)
• resistance (load)
• force

Question 29

What are the types of Levers?

Answer 29

– There are first-, second-, & third-class levers

Question 30

First Class Levers

Answer 30

the fulcrum placed between the effort and load

Question 31

Second Class Levers

Answer 31

the load in-between the effort and the fulcrum

Question 32

Third Class Levers

Answer 32

the effort between the load and the fulcrum

Question 33

What assumption can be made about the human body based on the lever system?

Answer 33

it was designed to produce motion at higher speeds at the expense of the large force applications

Question 34

Effort arm

Answer 34

Distance between the effort and the fulcrum

Question 35

Resistance arm

Answer 35

Distance between the Load and the fulcrum

Question 36

Area of maximal torque is equivalent to/overlaps what?

Answer 36

maximal actin/myosin

Question 37

Action Force

Answer 37

Force applied to an object with the intent to accelerate,
decelerate, stop, maintain, or change direction

Question 38

Reaction Force

Answer 38

Equal & opposite force in response to action force (Newton’s 3rd law of motion)

Question 39

Friction

Answer 39

Force parallel to action & reaction forces that acts to oppose relative motion of these two surfaces