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CFS 3055 (Child Development 0-5) > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Genotype

A

An individuals unique genetic information

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2
Q

Phenotype

A

An individual’s directly observable characteristics

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3
Q

Chromosomes

A

Structures that store and transmit genetic information

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4
Q

DNA

A

Chemical substance of which chromosomes are made

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5
Q

Gene

A

Segment of DNA along the length of a chromosome

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6
Q

Protein-coding genes

A

Directly affect the body’s characteristics

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7
Q

Regulator genes

A

Modify instructions given by protein-coding genes

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8
Q

Meiosis

A

Cell devision process that halves the number of chromosomes normally present in body cells; shuffling of genes produces genetic variability (which is adaptive)

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9
Q

Gametes

A

Sex cells (sperm and ovum) created by meiosis

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10
Q

Zygote

A

Cell formed when sperm and ovum unite at conception; contains 46 chromosomes

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11
Q

Autosomes

A

22 matching pairs of chromosomes

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12
Q

Sex chromosomes

A

Twenty-third pair of chromosomes; XX in females, XY in males (X chromosome is relatively long, Y is short and carries little genetic material)

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13
Q

Fraternal (dizygotic) twins

A

Results from fertilization of two ova; no more alike than ordinary siblings

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14
Q

Identical (monozygotic) twins

A

Results from separation of a single zygote into two clusters of cells; have the same genetic makeup

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15
Q

Alleles

A

Two forms of a gene, one inherited from each parent; occur at same place on both chromosomes in a pair

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16
Q

Homozygous

A

Alleles from both parents are alike

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17
Q

Heterozygous

A

Alleles differ

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18
Q

Dominant-recessive inheritance

A

Only the dominant allele affects child’s characteristics; heterozygous individuals can be carries, homozygous inheritance of recessive alleles can cause serious disabilities and diseases
Example: PKU

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19
Q

Incomplete-dominance pattern

A

Both alleles expressed in phenotype; results in combined trait (or intermediate between the two)
Example: sickle cell trait

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20
Q

X-linked pattern

A

Harmful allele carried on X chromosome (males are more likely to be affected)
Examples: hemophilia, fragile X syndrome

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21
Q

Genomic imprinting

A

Chemical marking (imprinting) of alleles within the ovum or sperm; one pair member is silenced, the other is expressed regardless of its makeup
Example: Prader-Willi syndrome

22
Q

Mutation

A

Sudden, permanent change in segment of DNA

23
Q

Germline mutation

A

In cells that give rise to gametes

24
Q

Somatic mutation

A

Mutation of normal body cells

25
Polygenic inheritance
Many genes affect a characteristic Examples: height, weight, intelligence, personality
26
Down syndrome
Most common chromosomal disorder; 95% of cases are results from failure of twenty-first pair of chromosomes to separate during meiosis; consequences include intellectual disability, memory and speech problems, limited vocabulary, slow motor development
27
Abnormalities of sex chromosomes…
Often not recognized until adolescence; lead to specific cognitive challenges
28
Genetic counseling
Helps couples assess risk of hereditary disorders and choose best course of action; individuals likely to seek counseling have had difficulties bearing children, know that genetic problems exist in their families, maternal age over 35, paternal age over 40
29
Pedigree
Used to estimate likelihood that child will be affected by disorder
30
Genome-wide testing methods
Look for genetic markers
31
Available reproductive technologies
Donor insemination, in vitro fertilization, surrogate motherhood
32
Ethical concerns of reproductive technologies
Postmenopausal childbearing, manipulation of genetic makeup/ “designer babies”, exploitation of financially needy women as surrogate mothers
33
Prenatal diagnostic methods
Amniocentesis, chorionic villus sampling, fetoscopy, maternal blood analysis, ultrasound, ultrafast fetal magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), preimplantation genetic diagnosis
34
Advances in fetal medicine
Administration of drugs to fetus, surgery to repair organ malformations and other defects, blood transfusions,
35
Human genome project
Identified sequence of DNA bases in the human genome; identified genes involved in various disorders; prompted exploration of new treatments
36
Gene therapy
Treat immune system dysfunction, cancer, blood disorders
37
Proteomics
Modification of gene-specific proteins involved in particular diseases
38
Adoptees’ challenges
Genetic predispositions, prenatal factors (maternal stress, poor diet, inadequate medical care), pre-adoptive history of unsupportive environment, differences between adoptive parents and children, identity challenges in integrating aspects of their birth family and adoptive family
39
Environmental contexts of development
Family, socioeconomic status, family functioning, affluence, poverty, neighborhoods and schools, culture
40
Family
Network of interdependent relationships; dynamic ever-changing interplay of forces within the family
41
Bidirectional influences between family members
Direct influences (positive and negative), indirect influences (effects of third parties), co-parenting (coordination of parenting roles)
42
Socioeconomic status (SES)
Index of family’s social positions and economic well-being, with a combination of education, job prestige, and income that is linked to the timing of parenthood, family size and interaction
43
Education of girls
Fewer girls than boys attend school in developing nations
44
Benefits of educating girls
Enhanced verbal skills and cognitive abilities have powerful impact on welfare of children and families; maternal education in developing countries contributes to gains in children’s health; mothers’ literacy skills are associated with style of interaction that promotes children’s language development
45
Barriers to education of girls
Cultural beliefs about gender roles; school enrollment fees
46
Affluent children risk factors
Poor grades in school, alcohol and drug use, delinquent behavior, anxiety and depression
47
Contributing factors of affluent parents
Lack of emotional closeness and supervision, excessive demands for achievement
48
_____ percent of U.S. population live in poverty
12.7
49
Poverty magnified among
Parents under age 25 with young children, ethnic minorities and women, single mothers with preschool children
50
U.S. poverty rate is higher among _____ (18%) than any other age group
Children
51
Of all Western nations, _______ has the highest percentage of extremely poor children (8%).
United States
52
Children of poverty are more likely to suffer from…
Lifelong poor physical health, persistent deficits in cognitive development and academic achievement, high school dropout, mental illness, impulsivity, aggression, and antisocial behavior

CFS 3055 (Child Development 0-5) (3 decks)

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