Chapter 2

Question 1

A form of associative learning that typically involves presentations of a neutral stimulus along with a stimulus of some significance, leading to the learning a new behavior merely by the process of association.

Answer 1

Classical Conditioning

Question 2

Also known as Skinnerian conditioning, a form of learning where the consequences of an act modify the likelihood of its recurrence.

Answer 2

Operant Conditioning

Question 3

Theory of development that focuses on the establishment, maintenance, and consequences of affectionate bonds between parents and children.

Answer 3

Attachment Theory

Question 4

Developed a theory of parenting comprised of 6 orderly stages that are tied to the age of the child.

Answer 4

Galinsky

Answer 5

Erikson

Answer 6

Piaget

Question 7

This term refers to development of individuals over their life span.

Answer 7

Ontogenetic

Question 8

This term refers to development of the species over time.

Answer 8

Phylogenetic

Question 9

From Attachment Theory: Children will seek new activities and experiences when they feel safe in their environment, leading to them acquiring new competences.

Answer 9

novelty seeking

Question 10

From Attachment Theory: When children feel threatened or scared, they will retreat to being held by or being near the parent in an effort to regain feelings of being safe.

Answer 10

proximity seeking

Question 11

A “________” study is one that follows an individual over time and includes repeated observations or data collection points.

Answer 11

longitudinal

Question 12

An insecure attachment classification characterized by a child avoiding or ignoring the parent when they return from a separation.

Answer 12

anxious-avoidant

Question 13

An insecure attachment classification characterized by little exploration of the environment, wariness of unfamiliar persons, and ambivalence about the parent upon their return following a separation.

Answer 13

anxious-resistant

Question 14

According to Attachment Theory, a child who shows a confused and inconsistent pattern of response to stress and peculiar and incoherent response patterns is said to be “_________” and likely a survivor of abuse or trauma.

Answer 14

disorganized

Question 15

From Attachment Theory: A pattern of behavior from which it is inferred that infants or young children trust their parents to protect and care for them in times of need.

Answer 15

securely attached

Question 16

A quality of parenting characterized by responding timely, appropriately, and reliably to the infant or child.

Answer 16

sensitive parenting

Question 17

Ideas and expectations about oneself and others derived from previous attachment-related experiences.

Answer 17

internal working model

Question 18

Any action that increases the likelihood that a prior behavior will recur.

Answer 18

reinforcement effect

Question 19

Any action in response to a behavior that decreases the likelihood that the behavior will recur.

Answer 19

punishment effect