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CHS 260: Medical Terminology > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Anatomic Reference Systems

A

Terms used to describe the location of body planes, directions, and cavities.

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2
Q

Structures of the Body

A

The cells, tissues, and glands that form the body systems that work together to enable the body to function properly.

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3
Q

Genetics

A

The genetic components that transfer characteristics from parents to their child.

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4
Q

Tissues

A

A group of similarly specialized cells that work together to perform specific functions.

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5
Q

Glands

A

A group of specialized cells that is capable of producing secretions.

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6
Q

Body Systems and Related Organs

A

Organs are somewhat independent parts of the body that perform specific functions. Organs with related functions are organized into body systems.

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7
Q

Pathology

A

The study of the nature and cause of disease that involve changes in structure and function.

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8
Q

aden/o

A

gland

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9
Q

adip/o

A

fat

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10
Q

anter/o

A

before, front

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11
Q

caud/o

A

lower part of body, tail

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12
Q

cephal/o

A

head

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13
Q

cyt/o, -cyte

A

cell

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14
Q

end-, endo-

A

in, within, inside

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15
Q

exo-

A

out of, outside, away from

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16
Q

hist/o

A

tissue

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17
Q

-ologist

A

specialist

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18
Q

-ology

A

the science or study of

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19
Q

path/o, -pathy

A

disease, suffering, feeling, emotion

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20
Q

plas/i, plas/o, -plasia

A

development, growth, formation

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21
Q

poster/o

A

behind, toward the back

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22
Q

-stasis, -static

A

control, maintenance of a constant level

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23
Q

abdominal cavity (ab-DOM-ih-nal)

A

The body cavity that contains the major organs of digestion.

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24
Q

adenectomy (ad-eh-NECK-toh-mee)

A

The surgical removal of a gland.

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25
Q

adenocarcinoma (ad-eh-noh-kar-sih-NOH-mah)

A

A malignant tumor that originates in glandular tissue.

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26
Q

adenoma (ad-eh-NOH-mah)

A

A benign tumor that arises in or resembles glandular tissue.

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27
Q

adenomalacia (ad-eh-noh-mah-LAY-shee-ah)

A

Abnormal softening of a gland.

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28
Q

adenosclerosis (ad-eh-noh-skleh-ROH-sis)

A

Abnormal hardening of a gland.

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29
Q

anaplasia (an-ah-PLAY-zee-ah)

A

A change in the structure of cells and in their orientation to each other.

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30
Q

anatomy (ah-NAT-oh-mee)

A

The study of the structures of the body.

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31
Q

anomaly (ah-NOM-ah-lee)

A

A deviation from what is regarded as normal.

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32
Q

anterior (an-TEER-ee-or)

A

Situated in front.

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33
Q

aplasia (ah-PLAY-zee-ah)

A

The defective development or congenital absence of an organ or tissue.

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34
Q

bloodborne transmission

A

The spread of a disease through contact with blood or other body fluids contaminated with blood.

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35
Q

caudal (KAW-dal)

A

Toward the lower part of the body.

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36
Q

cephalic (seh-FAL-ick)

A

Toward the head.

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37
Q

chromosome (KROH-moh-sohme)

A

A genetic structure located within the nucleus of each cell.

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38
Q

communicable disease (kuh-MEW-nih-kuh-bul)

A

Any disease transmitted from one person to another either directly or by indirect contact with contaminated objects.

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39
Q

congenital disorder (kon-JEN-ih-tahl)

A

An abnormal condition that exists at the time of birth.

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40
Q

cytoplasm (SIGH-toh-plazm)

A

The material located within the cell membrane that is not part of the nucleus.

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41
Q

distal (DIS-tal)

A

Situated farthest from the midline or beginning of a body structure.

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42
Q

dorsal (DOR-sal)

A

Back of the body or organ.

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43
Q

dysplasia (dis-PLAY-see-ah)

A

Abnormal development or growth of cells, tissues, or organs.

44
Q

endemic (en-DEM-ick)

A

Referring to the ongoing presence of a disease, such as the common cold, within a population, group, or area.

45
Q

endocrine glands (EN-doh-krin)

A

Glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream.

46
Q

epidemic (ep-ih-DEM-ick)

A

A sudden and widespread outbreak of a disease within a specific population group or area.

47
Q

epigastric region (ep-ih-GAS-trick)

A

The region located above the stomach.

48
Q

etiology (ee-tee-OL-oh-jee)

A

The study of the causes of diseases.

49
Q

exocrine glands (ECK-soh-krin)

A

Glands that secrete chemical substances into ducts leading either to other organs or out of the body.

50
Q

functional disorder

A

Produces symptoms for which no physiological or anatomical cause can be identified.

51
Q

genetic disorder

A

A pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene.

52
Q

geriatrician (jer-ee-ah-TRISH-un)

A

A physician who specializes in the care of older people.

53
Q

hemophilia (hee-moh-FILL-ee-ah)

A

A group of hereditary bleeding disorders in which a blood-clotting factor is missing.

54
Q

histology (hiss-TOL-oh-jee)

A

The microscopic study of the structure, composition, and function of tissues.

55
Q

homeostasis (hoh-mee-oh-STAY-sis)

A

The processes through which the body maintains a constant internal environment.

56
Q

hyperplasia (high-per-PLAY-zee-ah)

A

The enlargement of an organ or tissue because of an abnormal increase in the number of cells in the tissues.

57
Q

hypertrophy (high-PER-troh-fee)

A

A general increase in the bulk of a body part or organ that is due to an increase in the size, but not in the number, of the cells in the tissues.

58
Q

hypogastric region (high-poh-GAS-trick)

A

The region of the abdomen that is located below the stomach.

59
Q

hypoplasia (high-poh-PLAY-zee-ah)

A

The incomplete development of an organ or tissue usually due to a deficiency in the number of cells.

60
Q

iatrogenic illness (eye-at-roh-JEN-ick)

A

Unfavorable response due to prescribed medical treatment.

61
Q

idiopathic disorder (id-ee-oh-PATH-ick)

A

An illness without known cause.

62
Q

infectious disease (in-FECK-shus)

A

Illness caused by a living pathogenic organisms such as bacteria and viruses.

63
Q

inguinal (ING-gwih-nal)

A

Relating to the groin; refers to the entire lower portion of the abdomen including the groin.

64
Q

medial (MEE-dee-al)

A

The direction toward or nearer the midline.

65
Q

mesentery (MESS-en-terr-ee)

A

The fused double layer of the parietal peritoneum that attaches parts of the intestine to the interior abdominal wall.

66
Q

midsagittal plane (mid-SADJ-ih-tal)

A

The vertical plane that divides the body, from top to bottom, into equal left and right halves.

67
Q

nosocomial infection (nahs-oh-KOH-mee-al in-FECK-shun)

A

A disease acquired in a hospital or clinical setting.

68
Q

pandemic (pan-DEM-ick)

A

A disease outbreak occurring over a large geographic area, possibly worldwide.

69
Q

pelvic cavity (PEL-vick)

A

The space formed by the hip bones that contains the organs of the reproductive and excretory systems.

70
Q

peritoneum (pehr-ih-toh-NEE-um)

A

The multilayered membrane that protects and holds the organs in place within the abdominal cavity.

71
Q

peritonitis (pehr-ih-toh-NIGH-tis)

A

Inflammation of the peritoneum.

72
Q

phenylketonuria (fen-il-kee-toh-NEW-ree-ah)

A

A genetic disorder in which the essential digestive enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase is missing.

73
Q

physiology (fiz-ee-OL-oh-jee)

A

The study of the functions of the body structures.

74
Q

posterior (pos-TEER-ee-or)

A

Situated in back or on the back part of an organ.

75
Q

proximal (PROCK-sih-mal)

A

Situated nearest the midline or beginning of a body structure.

76
Q

retroperitoneal (ret-roh-pehr-ih-toh-NEE-al)

A

Located behind the peritoneum.

77
Q

stem cells

A

Unspecialized cells that renew themselves for long periods of time through cell division.

78
Q

thoracic cavity (thoh-RAS-ick)

A

The cavity that surrounds and protects the heart and the lungs; also known as the chest cavity.

79
Q

transverse plane (trans-VERSE)

A

The horizontal plane that divides the body into upper and lower portions.

80
Q

umbilicus (um-BILL-ih-kus)

A

The pit in the center of the abdominal wall that marks where the umbilical cord was attached before birth.

81
Q

vector-borne transmission

A

The spread of a disease due to the bite of a vector capable of transmitting that disease.

82
Q

ventral (VEN-tral)

A

Refers to the front or belly side of the body or organ.

83
Q

Cytology (sigh-TOL-oh-jee)

A

the study of the anatomy, physiology, pathology, and chemistry of the cell (cyt means cell, and -ology means study of).

84
Q

cytologist (sigh-TOL-oh-jist)

A

a specialist in the study and analysis of cells

85
Q

Adult stem cells, also known as somatic stem cells

A

are undifferentiated cells found among differentiated cells in a tissue or organ. Normally the primary role of these cells is to maintain and repair the tissue in which they are found

86
Q

undifferentiated

A

not having a specialized function or structure. In contrast, the term differentiated means having a specialized function or structure.

87
Q

somatic cell

A

any cell in the body except the gametes (sex cells). Somatic means pertaining to the body in general.

88
Q

gamete

A

(sperm or egg), also known as a sex cell, is the only type of cell that does not contain 46 chromosomes.

89
Q

Cystic fibrosis (CF)

A

a genetic disorder that is present at birth and affects both the respiratory and digestive systems

90
Q

Down syndrome (DS)

A

a genetic variation that is associated with a characteristic facial appearance, learning disabilities, developmental delays, and physical abnormalities such as heart valve disease

91
Q

Hemophilia (hee-moh-FILL-ee-ah)

A

a group of hereditary bleeding disorders in which a blood-clotting factor is missing. This blood coagulation disorder is characterized by spontaneous hemorrhages or severe bleeding following an injury.

92
Q

Huntington’s disease (HD)

A

a genetic disorder that is passed from parent to child. Each child of a parent with the gene for Huntington’s disease has a 50–50 chance of inheriting this defective gene. This condition causes nerve degeneration with symptoms that most often appear in midlife. ( Degeneration means worsening condition.) This damage eventually results in uncontrolled movements and the loss of some mental abilities.

93
Q

Muscular dystrophy (DIS-troh-fee)

A

a group of genetic diseases that are characterized by progressive weakness and degeneration of the skeletal muscles that control movement

94
Q

Phenylketonuria (fen-il-kee-toh-NEW-ree-ah) (PKU)

A

a rare genetic disorder in which the essential digestive enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase is missing. PKU can be detected by a blood test performed on infants at birth

95
Q

Epithelial tissue (ep-ih-THEE-lee-al)

A

Epithelial tissue (ep-ih-THEE-lee-al)

96
Q

Epithelium (ep-ih-THEE-lee-um)

A

the specialized epithelial tissue that forms the epidermis of the skin and the surface layer of mucous membranes

97
Q

Endothelium (en-doh-THEE-lee-um)

A

the specialized epithelial tissue that lines the blood and lymph vessels, body cavities, glands, and organs.

98
Q

Connective tissues

A

support and connect organs and other body tissues.

99
Q

Dense connective tissues

A

such as bone and cartilage, form the joints and framework of the body.

100
Q

Adipose tissue

A

known as fat, provides protective padding, insulation, and support

101
Q

Loose connective tissue

A

surrounds various organs and supports both nerve cells and blood vessels.

102
Q

Liquid connective tissues

A

which are blood and lymph, transport nutrients and waste products throughout the body.

103
Q

Muscle tissue

A

contains cells with the specialized ability to contract and relax.

104
Q

Nerve tissue

A

contains cells with the specialized ability to react to stimuli and to conduct electrical impulses.

105
Q

Adenitis (ad-eh-NIGH-tis)

A

the inflammation of a gland

106
Q

adenocarcinoma (ad-eh-noh-kar-sih-NOH-mah)

A

a malignant tumor that originates in glandular tissue

107
Q
A

CHS 260: Medical Terminology (2 decks)

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