CHAPTER 2 Flashcards
refer to the science that deals with
the form and structure of all
organisms.
ANATOMY
used in reference to
features of the head
to mean toward
the nose
ROSTRAL
toward the head.
CRANIAL
Toward or relatively near the
back and corresponding surface
of the head, neck, and tail; on
the limbs it applies to the upper
or front surface of the carpus,
tarsus, metapodium, and digits
DORSAL
Means toward
the tail.
CAUDAL
means away from
the vertebral
column or toward
the midabdominal
wall
VENTRA
plantar refers to the
caudal surface
PLANTAR
refers to the flexor or caudal surface.
PLAMAR
means relatively
close to a given
part, usually the
vertebral column,
body, or center of
gravity
PROXIMAL
means farther from
the vertebral
column, and like
proximal, it is
generally used in
reference to portions
of an extremity
DISTRAL
A surface, real or imaginary, along which
any two points can be connected by a
straight line.
PLANES
divides the body
into cranial and
caudal segments
TRANSVERSE
Also called as coronal
plane. It divides a body
into dorsal (back) and
ventral (front) parts.
FRONTAL
towards the midline
plane that separates
right and left sides of the
body
MEDIAL
is the antonym of medial;
it means away from the
median plane
.
LATERAL
is an imaginary plane
passing through the body so
as to divide the body into
equal right and left halves
.
MEDIAN PLANE
any plane parallel to the
median plane. The median
plane is sometimes called
the midsagittal plane.
SAGITTAL
The central line of the body or
any of its parts.
the functional axis of the limb
passes between the third and
fourth digits.
AXIS
surface of the digit faces
the axis.
AXIAL
surface faces
away from the axis.
ABAXIAL
The movement of one
bone in relation to
another in such a manner
that the angle formed at
their joint is reduced. The
limb is retracted or folded;
the digit is bent; the back
is arched dorsally.
FLEXION
The movement of one bone
upon another such that the
angle formed at their joint
increases. The limb reaches
out or is extended; the digit
is straightened; the back is
straightened. Extension
beyond 180 degrees is
overextension.
EXTENSION
The
movement of
a part
away from the
median plane
.
ABDUCTION
The
movement of
a part
toward the median
plane
.
ADDUCTION
The movement of
a
part when outlining
the surface of
a cone
CIRCUMDUCTION
The
movement of
a part
around its long axis
ROTATION
when the tail is
shortened.
DOCKING
send motor commands from the
brain to the body, send sensory
information from the body to the
brain, and coordinate reflexes.
SPINAL CORD
Controls the rapid
activities of the body such as
muscular contraction ,
secretions of some endocrine
glands , heart rate, respiration,
gastro-intestinal motility, and
etc
NERVOUSE SYSTEM
Specialize in impulse conduction
or the relay of message from the
effector organs to the nervous
system and vice-versa.
NERVES
The brain is a complex
organ that controls
thought, memory,
emotion, touch, motor
skills, vision, breathing,
temperature, hunger and
every process that
regulates our body
BRAIN
RELAYS INFORMATION TO AND FROM THE SKIN AND SKELETAL MUSCLES
SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
NERVES
PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
RELAYS INFORMATION TO INTERNAL ORGANS
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
CONTROLS ORGANS IN TIMES OF STRESS
SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEMS
CONTROLS ORGANS WHEN AT REST
PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
receive stimulus and carries it impulses
toward the cell body
DENDRITES
acts as a reservoir of biological
instructions which are required to synthesize
proteins in a neuron.
NUCLEUS
contains genetic information, maintains
the neuron’s structure, and provides energy to drive
activities
CELL BODY
fiber which carries impulses away from cell
body.
AXON
cells which produce myelin or fat
layer in the Peripheral Nervous System
SCHWAN CELLS
dense lipid layer which insulates the
axon – makes the axon look gray
MYELIN SHEATH
gaps or nodes in the myelin sheath
NODE OF RANVIER
bring messages to CNS
SENSORY NEURONS
carry messages from CNS
MOTOR NEURONS
between sensory & motor
neurons in the CNS
INTERNEURONS
SENSATION
AFFERENT NEURONS
DECISION
CENTRAL NERVOUS
REACTION
EFFERENT NERVOUS
coordination of movement and
aspects of motor learning
CERREBELUM
conscious activity including perception,
emotion, thought, and planning
CEREBRUM
filters and then
relays information to various brain regions
THALAMUS
– vital reflexes as heartbeat and respiration
MEDULA
medulla, pons, and midbrain
(involuntary responses) and relays information from
spine to upper brain
BRAINSTEM
involved in regulating activities
internal organs, monitoring information from the
autonomic nervous system, controlling the pituitary
gland and its hormones, and regulating sleep and
appetite
HYPOTHALAMUS
BASIC FUNCTIONS ARE COMMUNICATION AND REGULATION
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Inhibits the release of the prolactin
DOPAMINE
Stimulates thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) release
THYROTROPIN RELEASING HORMONE
STIMULATES OVULATION
LUTIENIZING HORMONE
STIMULATES UTERINE CONTRACTION
OXYTOCIN
PROMOTES LACTATION
PROLACTIN
CONSIST OF HEART, BLOOD, AND BLOOD VESSELS
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
SYSTOLE
aortic arterial pressure
falls to its lowest point
DIASTOLE
the valve on the right
TRICUSPID
the valve on the left
BICUSPID
the blood vessel that carries
oxygenated blood away from the heart
ARTERY
carries unoxygenated blood black to
the heart
VEIN
the smallest blood vessels,
connect the arteries and the veins
CAPILLARIES
carries unoxygenated
blood from the right ventricle into the lungs
PULMONARY ARTERY
carry oxygenated blood
from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart.
PULMONARY VIENS
