Chapter 2

Question 1

Ashurst-Summers Act

Answer 1

Required that all prison-manufactured products shipped out of a state be stamped with the prison name, and, with an amendment in 1940, prison products were banned from being shipped via interstate lines

Question 2

Auburn System

Answer 2

An alternative prison system located in New York

Question 3

Benjamin Rush

Answer 3

An American medical doctor and political activist who became influential in the push for prison reform

Question 4

“Big Four” in Corrections

Answer 4

The four largest state correctional systems in the United States
California, Texas, Florida, New York

Question 5

Big House Prisons

Answer 5

Were typically large stone structures with brink walls, guard towers, and checkpoints throughout the facility

Question 6

Black Codes

Answer 6

Separate laws were required of slaves and free men who turned criminal

Question 7

Building Tenders

Answer 7

Inmates who were chosen for their strength or intelligence to supervise the inmate population, particularly in dormitories and cell blocks

Question 8

Contract Labor Systems

Answer 8

Utilized inmate labor through state-negotiated contracts with private manufacturers, who provided the prison with raw materials so that prison labor could refine the materials for the manufacturer

Question 9

Convict Code

Answer 9

An inmate-driven set of beliefs that inmates aspired to live by, typically presented as the “gold standard” of behavior among inmates

Question 10

Crime Control Model

Answer 10

Emerged during a “get tough” era on crime, The use of longer sentences, more frequent use of the death penalty, and an increased use of intensive supervision probation all were indicative of this era’s approach to crime

Question 11

Determinate Sentences

Answer 11

Consists of fixed periods of incarceration with no later flexibility in the term that is served

Question 12

Eastern Penitentiary

Answer 12

Part of the Pennsylvania system located near Philadelphia

Question 13

Elam Lynds

Answer 13

Warden at Auburn and the primary organizer behind the development of the Auburn system

Question 14

Elmira Reormaroty

Answer 14

First reformatory

Question 15

Gates v. Collier (1972)

Answer 15

One of a series of federal cases that declared a state prison system unconstitutional

Question 16

Hawes-Cooper Act

Answer 16

Required that prison products be subject to the laws of states to which those products are shipped

Question 17

Head Building Tenders

Answer 17

High-ranking inmates who are given control of cell blocks and/or dormitories, and who are held responsible for behavior that occurs within those facilites

Question 18

Holt v. Sarver I (1969)

Answer 18

As the civil rights movement began to take hold in the U.S., this case represented the official turning point in which the hands-off doctrine began to eclipse in prison system operations. This Supreme Court case ruled that prison farms in the state of Arkansas were operated in a manner that violated the Eighth Amendment prohibition against cruel and unusual punishments

Question 19

Holt v. Sarver II (1970)

Answer 19

Second part of the initial federal ruling on prison farm operations in the state of Arkansas. The fact that the Holt v. Sarver rulings required two separate cases shows how tenuous and difficult it was to get change in the Arkansas prison system

Question 20

Indeterminate Sentences

Answer 20

Sentencing that includes a range of years that will be potentially served by the offender

Question 21

Mark System

Answer 21

A system where the duration of the sentence was determined by the inmate’s work habits and righteous conduct

Question 22

Martinson Report

Answer 22

An examination of a number of various programs that included educations and vocational assistance, mental health treatment, medical treatment, early release, and so on

Question 23

Medical Model

Answer 23

An approach to correctional treatment that utilizes a type of mental health approach incorporating fields such as psychology and biology

Question 24

Philadelphia Society for Alleviating the Miseries of Public Prisons

Answer 24

First official prison reform group

Question 25

Progressive Era

Answer 25

A period of extraordinary urban and industrial growth and unprecedented social problems

Question 26

Rank-and-file Building Tenders

Answer 26

Inmate assistants to the head building tenders who help to ensure that order is maintained

Question 27

Reintegration Model

Answer 27

Used to identify programs that looked to the external environment for causes of crime and the means by which criminality could be reduced

Question 28

Runners and Strikers

Answer 28

Inmates who keep the cell block clean, dispense supplies, and provide the building tenders with additional muscle during times when the populations becomes unruly

Question 29

Sanford Bates

Answer 29

First director of the Federal Bureau of Prisons who also served as a past president of the American Correctional Association

Question 30

Trusties

Answer 30

Inmates who are in charge of other inmates

Question 31

Turnkeys

Answer 31

Inmates who are tasked with opening and closing interior locked gates and doors of the prison

Question 32

Western Penitentiary

Answer 32

Part of the Pennsylvania system located outside of Pittsburgh

Question 33

Zebulon Brockway

Answer 33

The warden of Elmira Reformatory