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Chapter 2/13 Flashcards

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1
Q

Historical factors that shaped nationalism during the French Revolution

A
  • monarchy pushing the country deep into debt
  • years of high taxes
  • succession of bad harvests
  • age of enlightenment
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2
Q

Social factors that shaped nationalism during the French Revolution

A
  • the inequality between the 3 estates
  • important jobs only given to nobility
  • monarchy lived like gods while commoners barely survived
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3
Q

Economic factors that shaped nationalism during the French Revolution

A
  • years of warfare left France with little money
  • the third estate paid all the taxes
  • the queen lived very extravagantly and wasted people’s taxes
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4
Q

Geographic factors that shaped nationalism during the French Revolution

A
  • a hard winter ruined crops and cut off the rest of France from Paris
  • the kings palace was outside of the capitol
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5
Q

Political factors that shaped nationalism during the French Revolution

A
  • absolute monarchy

- people did not have a lot of control over their own affairs

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6
Q

Fundamental causes of the French Revolution

A
  • deep roots in the past
  • old regime
  • absolute monarchy
  • social order
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7
Q

Immediate causes of the French Revolution

A
  • crop failures

- financial crisis

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8
Q

Old regime

A

French society prior to the French Revolution

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9
Q

Absolute monarchy

A
  • King Louis XVI
  • Queen Marie Antoinette
  • divine right to rule
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10
Q

First estate

A
  • Roman Catholic clergy
  • 0.5% of the population
  • owned 10% of the land in France
  • paid no taxes(paid voluntary contribution every 5 years)
  • collected tithes from all citizens
  • responsible for education, record keeping, the poor, and hospitals
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11
Q

Second estate

A
  • nobility(aristocracy)
  • 1.5% of the population
  • owned 25% of land in France
  • exempt from most taxes
  • exclusive hunting and fishing
  • access to higher positions in army, church, and gov’t
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12
Q

Third estate

A

-everyone else(commoners)
-98% of the population
•peasants 85%
•urban workers
•Bourgeoisie-business owners and
professionals
-heavily taxed (corvée, taille, salt tax)
• 70% of income paid to taxes

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13
Q

Palace of Versailles

A
  • royal palace where monarchy lived

- located about 12 miles outside of Paris(capitol city)

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14
Q

Jacques Necker

A
  • finance minister
  • proposed tax reform
  • needed support of all 3 estates
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15
Q

Estates General

A
  • ancient French law making body
  • first estate-300 representatives and 1 vote
  • second estate-300 representatives and 1 vote
  • third estate-600 representatives and 1 vote
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16
Q

National Assembly

A

-created by third estate
•unhappy with the voting in the
Estates General
-invited first and second estate to join them
-locked out of meeting hall
-Tennis Court Oath

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17
Q

Tennis Court Oath

A
  • promise made by the National Assembly

- NA would not disband until they had written a constitution

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18
Q

Camille Desmoulins

A

-encouraged the people to take up arms

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19
Q

Bastille

A
  • old fortress used as prison

- July 14, 1789 it was attacked and destroyed* marks the start of the revolution

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20
Q

Joseph Lafayette

A

-appointed commander of National Guard

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21
Q

August Decrees

A
  • decrees of the National Assembly
  • 19 decrees abolishing all privileges
  • everyone pays taxes
  • church ceased right to collect tithes
  • all males eligible for any office in civil and military service
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22
Q

Declaration of the Rights of Man

A
  • all men are born and remain free and equal in rights
  • King refused to sign
  • troops reassembled
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23
Q

March on Versailles

A
  • 5000-6000 March on Versailles

- demand bread, recognition of Declaration of the Rights of Man, royal family move to the Tuileries Palace in Paris

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24
Q

Assignats

A

-money

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25
Civil Constitution of the Clergy
- clergy placed under state control - required to swear loyalty to France - clergy elected and paid by the state
26
Flight to Varennes
-royal families failed attempt to flee France
27
Constitution of 1791
-separation of powers -executive branch •constitutional monarchy •king received a limited veto -vote given to all active citizens(about 2/3 of the population) -legislative branch •National Assembly(replaced by the Legislative Assembly)
28
Legislative Assembly
-Replaced the National Assembly
29
Girondins
-wanted change but didn’t want the king dead
30
Jacobin
- radicals - led by Maximilian Robespierre - were leaders of France during the Reign of Terror
31
Sans Culottes
-urban workers
32
Brunswick Manifesto
- warning to Paris | - rallies the French
33
La Marseillaise
-Frances national anthem
34
Liberté, Equalité, Fraternité
- Frances official motto | - Liberty, equality, brotherhood
35
Tricolor
-Frances flag
36
Revolutionary Tribunal
- tried crimes against the Revolution - ultimately no defence - 1 sentence-death via guillotine
37
Guillotine
-what was used to execute everyone during the French Revolution
38
Insurrectionary Commune
- led by George Jaques Danton - led an attack on the Tuileries Palace - royal family placed under arrest
39
George Jacques Danton
- leader of the Revolution - member of the Jacobin club - led an attack on the Tuileries Palace
40
September massacres
- 1200 prisoners massacred | - encouraged by Jean Paul Marat
41
Jean Paul Marat
- wrote and edited “The People’s Friend” - always called for more “heads to roll” - was assassinated by Charlotte Corday
42
Charlotte Corday
- assassinated Jean Paul Marat | - felt the Revolution had gone to far
43
National Convention
- replaced the legislative assembly - monarchy abolished - Louis Capet (King Louis XVI) put on trial for treason - universal male suffrage(right to vote)
44
Committee of Public Safety
- 12 member executive body | - led by Maximilian Robespierre
45
Levée en Masse
-mandatory military service
46
Law of suspects
-if you were suspected of loyalty to the monarchy you could be tried and ultimately executed
47
Reign of Terror
-thousands of executions
48
Changes to France by the National Convention
- French Republic- Liberty, Equality, Brotherhood - metric system - long pants/simple dresses - “citizen” - National system of education - new calendar
49
Rise of Napoleon
-born in Corsica -Lieutenant in the Royal Army -General -Coup D’état •First Consul •First Consul for life -Emperor
50
Napoleons Domestic Policies: Bank of France
-to ease financial crisis
51
Napoleons Domestic Policies: Tax reform
- fair assessment - no tax exemptions - tax collection heavily regulated
52
Napoleons Domestic Policies: Concordat
- sought reconciliation with the church - church recognized as official religion of France - some control given back to the Papacy
53
Napoleons Domestic Policies: Napoleonic Law Code
``` -Civil Rights •equality under and before the law •occupations based on merit •men the absolute ruler in the home -property rights ```
54
Napoleons Domestic Policies: Lycées
- high schools | - importance of obedience and military values
55
Napoleons Domestic Policies: Public Works
-paved roads -canals -bridges -monuments •Arc de Triomphe •Vendôme Column
56
Napoleons Foreign Policies: Britain
-Isolate and defeat Britain -Continental System •Napoleons attempt to defeat Britain economically •Economic embargo of British goods to continental Europe •British response -smuggling -orders in council(trade partners could not trade with France) -Britain more successful than France
57
Napoleons invasion of Russia
- russia used a scorched earth policy(destroy everything in their path) thus leaving Napoleon with no resources - 30000 of the 500000 soldiers returned to France
58
Napoleon: Battle of the Nations
- deafeated by Britain, Austria, Russia, and Prussia | - Napoleon abdicated and exiled to Elba
59
Hundred days
-napoleons return to power
60
Battle of Waterloo
- defeated by Britain( led by Duke of Wellington) and Prussia - Napoleon abdicates and exiled to st. Helena
61
Shared memories
``` Events that bind a nation together France -attack on the Bastille -rallying cry (liberty, Equality, Brotherhood) -National Anthem (Marseillaise) -Sans-Culottes -Tricolor -Napoleon ```
62
Visions of Canada: Geography
- vastness - ruggedness - climate
63
Visions of Canada: One Canada
- Canadian unity | - from sea to sea
64
Visions of Canada: Pluralistic (2 or more)
-multicultural •cultural diversity •civic nation -bilingual
65
Visions of Canada: Nations within a Nation
- federal/provincial governments - First Nations - Quebecois
66
Upper Canada
-Mainly Anglophone
67
Lower Canada
-Mainly Francophone
68
Canada West
- part of the province of Canada - mainly anglophone - tried to assimilate the French into British culture
69
Canada East
- part of the province of Canada | - mainly francophone
70
Canada West and East
- one legislative assembly - equal reps. from west and east - population of east much greater - English only language of the legislature
71
Confederation
-British North America act •Canada created •included Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick •federal system created-2 levels of government
72
Francophone Challenges
-Battle of the Plains of Abraham
73
Immigration challenges
-Chinese Immigration Act •restrict and regulate Chinese immigration into Canada •50$ head tax •1900-100$ head tax •1904-500$ head tax •1923- virtually all immigration from China was banned -black immigration discouraged(banned for one year in 1911)(not suitable for climate)
74
Aboriginal challenges
-Indian act •designed to encourage assimilation •gave feds control over every aspect of the lives of FNs •denied full citizenship unless treaty rights given up •amended many times; rarely with FNs consultation -Canada Act •First Nations rights entrenched in the constitution

Social 20 (2 decks)

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