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Weather and Climate > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Force

A

the mass of the body multiplied by the acceleration the force causes in the body

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2
Q

Acceleration

A

a change in speed or a change in direction of an object’s movement

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3
Q

Work

A

The amount of work done on your book is the distance travled times the force in the direction of that displacement

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4
Q

Energy

A

The capacity to do work

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5
Q

Kinetic energy

A

The work that a body can do by virtue of its motion

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6
Q

Potential energy

A

The work an object can do as a result of its relative position

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7
Q

Parcel of air

A

A hypothetical balloon-like bubble of air, fleible but impermeable, and perhaps as large as a parking lot

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8
Q

Temperature

A

a measure of the average kinetic energy of a substance

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9
Q

Kelvin scale

A

An absolute scale in which zero is the lowest possible temperature

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10
Q

Calorie

A

The unit used to measure amounts of energy

the energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree Celsisus

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11
Q

Joule

A

another unit used to measure amounts of energy

0.2389 calories

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12
Q

Power

A

The rate at which energy is transferred, received, or released

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13
Q

Watt (W)

A

a unit of power that represents the transfer of 1 Joule of energy per second

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14
Q

Heat

A

The energy produced by the random motions of molecules and atoms

The total kinetic energy of a sample of a substance

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15
Q

Specific heat

A

The amount of energy required to increase the temperature of 1 gram of that substance 1 degree celsius

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16
Q

Conduction

A

The process of heat transfer from molecule to molecule

requires contact

ex. when we touch an object to see if it’s warm or cold

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17
Q

Thermal conductivity

A

The amount of energy transferred by conduction depends on the temperature difference bewteen the two objects and their thermal conductivity

  • the ability of a substance to conduct heat by molecular motions is defined by its thermal conductivity
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18
Q

Convection

A

The process of transferring energy vertically

free convection - when an air parcel is heated and becomes less dense than the air around it and therefore rises

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19
Q

Temperature advection

A

The horizontal transport of energy in the atmosphere

warm advection - when the warm air replaces cooler air

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20
Q

Latent heat

A

The heat absorbed or relased per unit mass when water changes phase

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21
Q

Latent heat of melting

A

The amount of energy absorbed by water to change 1 gram of ice into liquid water, and it is equal to 80 cal for each gram of ice

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22
Q

Latent heat of fusion

A

The amount of energy relased into the environment when water freezes

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23
Q

Vaporization or evaporation

A

The transition of water from the liquid phase to the gas phase

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24
Q

Latent heat of vaporization

A

The amount of heat required to evaporate 1 gram of liquid water

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25
Latent heat of condensation
The amount of energy released when water vapor condenses to a liquid form
26
Depoisition
Water vapor may change directly into ice in this process
27
Sublimation
Ice may also directly enter the gas phase without melting
28
Latent heat of sublimnation =
latent heat of deposition
29
Evaporation is a ________ process that removes energy from the physical environment
cooling
30
Condensation is a __________ process that supplies energy to the enviornment
heating
31
Solar radiation is one form of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
radiant energy, or energy in the form of waves that are not composed of matter
32
Radiant energy is also called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
radiation and electromagnetic energy
33
Wavelength
The distance between wave crests
34
Amplitude
half of the height from the peak of the crest to the lowest point of the wave
35
Waves are characterized by two properties:
wavelength and amplitude
36
Solar radiation is sometimes referred to as \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
shortwave radiation Solar energy includes UV, visible, and near-infarred radiation
37
Ultraviolet (UV) light
where wavelengths range from 0.2um to 0.4 um
38
Longwave radiation (terrrestrial radiation)
emitted by the Earth is less energetic than solar radiation and is characterized by much longer wavelengths, primarily between 4 um and 100 um
39
All objects with a temperature above __________ emit radiation
absolute zero
40
Emissivity
A measure of an object's ability to emit radiation Materials are assigned an emissivity value betwen 0 - 1.0
41
Blackbody
Has an emissivity of 1 and is an object that absorbs all the electromagnetic energy that falls on the object, no matter what the wavelegth of the radiation
42
Stefan-Boltzmann Law
The amount of radiative energy that is emitted by an object (watts per square meter) is related to the fourth power of its Kelvin temperature
43
As an object warms, it emits more \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
radiation
44
Wien's law
The wavelength or radiant energy emitted depends on the temperature of the emitting body Wavelength (in microns) of maximum radiation emitted by an object = 2900 / Object's temperature in Kelvin
45
Wien's law can be summarized as follows:
The hotter the object, the shorter the wavelength of maximum emission of radiation
46
When radiation interacts with an object, it can be:
1. Absorbed - increases the energy of the molecule, 2. Reflected - energy reflected by an object is sent back. mirrors are good reflectors and clouds 3. Transmitted - passes through the object, although it may change direction
47
Albedo
Describes the percentage of light that it reflects The higher the albedo - the brighter the object Key determiner of the temperature of the planets in the solar system
48
How much radiation energy the atmosphere or an object absorbs depends on the following:
1. The radiative properties of the mutual 2. The amount of time the object is exposed to the emitted energy 3. The amount of material 4. How close the object is to the source of energy 5. The angle at which the radiation is striking the object
49
Blackbody
An object that absorbs all the electromagnetic energy that falls on the object, no matter what the wavelength of the radiation
50
Kirchhoff's law
A good absorber of radiation is also a good emitter of radiation at that same wavelength
51
The earth is furthest from the sun on approximately \_\_\_\_\_
July 4th (aphelion)
52
Earth is closest to the Sun on approximately \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
January 4th (periphelion)
53
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ causes the seasons
The earth's tilt
54
The tilt is referred to as the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
angle of inclination
55
The equinoxes occur when \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
The sun's rays strike the equator at noon at an angle of 90 degrees. March 20, September 22 or 23
56
The variation of solar energy at the surface by latitude is caused by the following:
1. Changes in the angle that the Sun's rays hit the Earth 2. The number of daylight hours 3. The amount of atmosphere the SUn's rays have to pass through
57
The angle at which the SUn's energy strikes a particular location on Earth is called the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
solar zenith angle
58
The average amount of solar energy that reaches the outer limits of our atmosphere on a surface that is perpendicular to the solar rays is referred to as the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
solar constant
59
The length of day and solar zenith angle are both determined by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
the tilt of the Earth's axis
60
A larger solar zenith angle causes the Sun's energy to pass \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
through more atmosphere
61
Of the atmospheric gases, ____________ absorbs most of the shortwave radiation
ozone
62
Infared atmospheric window
10 um - 12 um region The atmosphere is relatively transparent to infared radiation emited by the surface t these wavelengths
63
Atmospheric window
Exists around 4 um
64
Clouds are good:
reflects of solar energy They are good emitters and absorbers of longwave energy
65
Greenhouse effect
The selective nature of radiation absorption by atmospheric gases is the fundamental cause of the greenhouse effect
66
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and ____________________ are the terms used to explain the relationship between the observed rise in global temperature and the absorbed increas in atmospheric carbon dioxide
Greenhouse warming and Enhanced greenhouse effect
67
The more carbon dioxide there is, the more =\>
infarred energy is absorbed
68
Greenhouse gases
Gases that ar transparent to solar energy while absorbing terrestrial energy will warm the atmosphere because they allow solar energy to reach the surface and inhibit longwave radiation from reaching outer space
69
Important greenhouse gases
Water vapor Ozone Methane Nitrous oxide And CFS
70
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is the most important greenhouse gase because of its relative abundance and its ability to absorbe a lot of longwave energy in many different wavelengths
Water vapor \*a warmer atmosphere can mean more water vapor in the atmosphere and possibly more clouds
71
Sensible heating
Represents the combined processes of conduction and convection and amounts to a total of 24w/m^2 transferred from the surface to the atmosphere
72
Radiative forcing
The change in the net radiation at the tropopause
73
What causes seasons?
The Earth's tilt, combined with its orbit around the sun
74
The energy emitted to space has wavelengths of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
4 to 100 microns
75
Much of the energy that escapes from the Earth to space is in the narrow band of 10 um to 12 um, called the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
infared atmospheric window
76

Weather and Climate (10 decks)

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