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building structures > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Types of cement

A
  • Ordinary Portland Cement
  • Rapid Hardening Portland Cement
  • Low-heat Portland Cement
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2
Q

Constituent materials of concrete

A
  • Cement
  • Aggregates
  • Water
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3
Q

Production of concrete

A
  1. Batching
  2. Mixing
  3. Transporting
  4. Placing
  5. Compacting
  6. Curing
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4
Q

Testing of concrete

A
  • Slump test
  • Compacting Factor test
  • Compressive Strength test
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5
Q

Testing apparatus for slump test

A
  • Standard slump cone
  • Base plate
  • Temping rod
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6
Q

Placement of reinforcements
(B, T, NF, FF)

A

B: Bottom face
T: Top face
NF: Near face
FF: Far face

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7
Q

20H1303-150T
20, H, 13, 03, 150, T

A

20 - No. required
H - Type of bar
13 - Diameter
03 - Bar mark
150 - Spacing
T - Location

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8
Q

Types of foundation

A
  • Strip foundation
  • RC Pad foundation
  • Raft foundation
  • Pile foundation
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9
Q

End bearing

A

Shafts of the piles act as columns that carry the loads through the overlaying weak subsoil to a stronger and firmer lower strata

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10
Q

Skin friction

A

Held up by frictional resistance between the surface of the pile and adjoining ground

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11
Q

Replacement pile

A

Soil is removed by boring and the hole is filled with wet concrete

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12
Q

Displacement pile

A

Piles are driven down into the ground at spaced intervals

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13
Q

Advantages of replacement piles

A
  • Lesser noise and vibration
  • No risk of ground heave
  • Drilling tools can break obstructions that cannot be penetrated by any form of displacement pile
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14
Q

Disadvantages of replacement piles

A
  • Cast-in-situ underground, more difficult to construct and control properly
  • Concrete cannot be inspected after installation
  • Inflow of ground water may cause damage to the wet and unset concrete and may lead to reduced pile bearing capacity
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15
Q

Advantages of displacement piles

A
  • Preformed before they are driven into the ground, quality can be controlled
  • Can be driven into a predetermined set
  • Any construction operations are unaffected by ground water level
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16
Q

Disadvantages of displacement piles

A
  • Driving process generates unacceptable noise, dust and vibration
  • Piles cannot be inspected after installation
  • Piles may be damaged due to hard-driving
17
Q

Materials used for sheet piles

A
  • Timber
  • Reinforced and pre-stressed concrete
18
Q

Concrete cover for main bars in substructure

A

Not less than 50mm

19
Q

Concrete cover for main bars in beams and walls

A

Not less than 25mm or not less than the diameter of the main bars

20
Q

Concrete cover for main bars in column

A

Not less than 25mm

21
Q

Concrete cover for main bars in slab

A

Not less than 20mm

22
Q

Explain superstructure

A

Every element of the structure situated above the ground

23
Q

Explain substructure

A

Every element of the structure below the level of ground

24
Q

Explain backfills

A

Materials excavated from the site

25
Q

Explain bearing capacity

A

Safe load per unit area which the ground can carry

26
Q

Explain made ground

A

Refuse, excavated rock or soil deposited for the purpose or filling in a depression

27
Q

Ground movement may be caused by (Settlement)

A
  • Deformation of soul due to imposed load
  • Volume changes of soil as a result of seasonal condition
  • Mass movement of soil in unstable areas
28
Q

General weight of concrete

A

30kN/m3

29
Q

Factors that affect strength of concrete

A
  • Water
  • Aggregates
  • Cement
30
Q

Types of shallow foundation

A
  • Strip foundation
  • RC Pad foundation
31
Q

Selecting types of foundation

A
  • Nature and bearing capacity of subsoil
  • Cost or economic consideration
  • Distribution of loads from superstructure
  • Total weight of the building and its parts
32
Q

Types of reinforcement

A
  • Fabric reinforcement
  • Cold worked bars
  • Hot-rolled rib bars
  • Mild steel bars
33
Q

Length of reinforcement

A

12m for bars Ø13 and above

34
Q

Reasons for termination of reinforcing bar

A
  • To fit the member
  • To economise on steel
  • To make construction easier
  • Bars are made of stock lengths
35
Q

Factors determining choice of piles

A
  • Superstructure design and site area
  • Depth of suitable load-bearing strata
  • Availability of equipment and site constraints
36
Q

Types of preformed displacement piles

A
  • Bakau piles
  • Tanalised piles
  • Precast concrete piles
37
Q

Types of sheet pile

A
  • Timber piles
  • Steel piles
  • Precast concrete piles

building structures (10 decks)

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