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STS > CHAPTER 2 > Flashcards

CHAPTER 2 Flashcards

1
Q

INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTION

Science is as old as the world

No one can exactly identify when and where science began

From the genesis of time, science has existed

It is always interwoven with the society

A

Intellectual Revolutions That Defined Society

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2
Q

Greeks speculated about the “nature” in the period before Socrates

600 to 400 BCE

“pre-Socratic”
“non-theological”
“first philosophy”

A

INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTION

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3
Q

First, the world is a natural whole (supernatural forces do not make things ‘happen’)

Second, there is a natural ‘order’ (there are ‘laws of nature’)

Third, humans can ‘discover’ these laws

A

3 Characteristics of IR

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4
Q

regularity in the relations or order of phenomena in the world that holds, under a stipulated set of conditions, either universally or in a stated proportion of instances

A

laws of nature

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5
Q

if it states that some conditions invariably are found together with certain other conditions; and

A

a law is universal

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6
Q

if it affirms that a stated fraction of cases displaying a given condition will display a certain other condition as well

A

a law is probabilistic

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7
Q

in either case

A

a law may be valid even though it obtains only under special circumstances or as a convenient approximation

a law of nature has no logical necessity; rather, it rests directly or indirectly upon the evidence of experience

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8
Q

all pre-Socratic philosophers reached maturity in the colonies, east and west
“colonial” mentality more intellectually adventurous than that found in the mother country

thought in non-theological terms
most were not atheists

viewed the natural order as reflecting some underlying intelligence, the Logos (“the rational principle”)

A

colonial mentality

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9
Q

of the heavens which described the cosmos as having Earth stationary at the center of the universe

A

Ptolemaic model

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10
Q

with the Sun at the center of the Solar System

A

Copernican model

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11
Q

with the Sun at the center of the Solar System

A

Copernican model

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12
Q

16th century

a watershed in the development of Cosmology

Revolution of Celestial Spheres where a new view of the world is presented: the heliocentric model

A

copernican revolution

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13
Q

took up an interest in planetary motions

Venus had phases

Jupiter had its own moons in orbit around it, dispelling the idea that everything went around the earth

Neptune

Pope Paul V demanded Galileo to retract his heretical ideas

A

galileo galilei

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14
Q

phases of venus

A

thin crescent
full disk
wanes
crescent

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15
Q

Sun, not the Earth, lay at the center of things

a student of the Danish astronomer Tycho Brahe

-accumulated volumes of accurate astronomical observations
-Planetary laws

discovered that the movements of Mars and all the other planets were ellipses rather than circles

A

johannes kepler

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16
Q

1687
completed the Copernican Revolution and published Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica

planets are kept in their orbits by the familiar force of gravity

able to derive existing laws to prove the solidity of the heliocentric model

Planetary motions and Universal Law of Gravitation

A

isaac newton

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17
Q

-People think that AR Wallace was unappreciated and his ideas were stolen by Darwin
-Darwin did not steal from Wallace
-Darwin’s ideas – the Ideas of the Origin–he wrote in 1842
-Early ideas on origin were not towards evolution (Edward Blyth)
1859
-The Origin of Species
-ushered in a new era in the intellectual history of humanity
-credit for the theory of biological evolution
-organisms evolve and discovered the process, natural selection by which they evolve
>completed the Copernican revolution by drawing out for biology the notion of nature as a lawful system of matter in motion
>adaptations and diversity of organisms, the origin of novel and highly organized forms, the origin of humanity itself could now be explained by an orderly process of change governed by natural laws

A

darwinian revolution

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18
Q

> discovery of a way of locating in the mind objective entities which can be studied like physical things
human behavior is influenced by unconscious memories, thoughts, and urges
proposed that the psyche comprises three aspects: the id, ego, and superego.
occurred in the setting of a prevalent concern about the entities underlying all of the sciences
because of his genius for structural thought…
Freud was able to respond satisfactorily to a challenge that all the sciences were facing
it is that common challenge such as mechanics or hydraulics that shaped Freud’s theory

A

freudian revolution

19
Q

three component parts of the mind

A

id
ego
superego

20
Q

about 10,000 years ago, people began to grow food and settle in cities

starting in the 1800s, Industrial Revolution (began in GB) caused hundreds of millions of people to change their way of life

end of 20th century, computer technology again changed the world

A

Information Revolution: The Beginning

21
Q

first information revolution involved the use of telephones and telegraphs for integrating national markets

second information revolution is currently in progress and involves the use of computer-enhanced communications

new equipment is facilitating “major business and political changes”

A

What was information revolution first and second?

22
Q

development of technologies

computers, digital communication, microchips

in the second half of the 20th century that has led to dramatic reduction in the cost of obtaining, processing, storing, and transmitting information in all forms (text, graphics, audio, video)

A

information revolution

23
Q

the Neolithic revolution

iron revolution

the emergence of writing

the invention of printing

the appearance of the telegraph, telephone, radio and television

A

stages of information revolution

24
Q

the Neolithic revolution

iron revolution

the emergence of writing

the invention of printing

the appearance of the telegraph, telephone, radio and television

A

stages of information revolution

25
Q

> e-commerce
the explosive emergence of the Internet as a major, worldwide distribution channel for goods, for services and for managerial and professional jobs
- changing economies, markets, and industry structures; products and services and their flow; consumer segmentation, consumer values, and consumer behavior; jobs and labor markets
impact may be even greater on societies and politics and on the way we see the world and ourselves in it
convergence of computers and communications has altered human lives because of what they do with information, not because of what they are
electronic delivery system makes information available anywhere
ideas can be everywhere at once, in real time and full color

A

impact of IR

26
Q

Mesoamerica

historical regions and cultural areas

central Mexico through Belize, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and northern Costa Rica, and within which pre-Columbian societies

before the Spanish colonization of the Americas in the 15th and 16th centuries

A

Meso-American Revolution

27
Q

early agriculture and domestication of plants and animals

Teosinte – ancestor of modern corn with a cob as large as the human thumb

1400 BCE to 100 BCE - produced nearly imperishable art out of large carved heads of volcanic rock

Mayan civilization in small cities with at least 40,000 inhabitants

A

Early developments in MAR

28
Q

between 6,000 and 10,000 years ago

Native Americans living in what is now Mexico began

“grain of the gods”

A

teosinte

29
Q

Some of the most well-known Mesoamerican cultures

A

Olmec
Maya
Zapotec
Teotihuacan
Mixtec
Mexica (or Aztec)

30
Q

> first great civilization
first complex society in the region
Mande
Rubber People
grow rubber trees and harvest rubber to make rubber balls for a ritualistic ballgame
inhabited a small area of about 125 by 50 miles
inhabited was a great natural habitat
developed the first written language and numbering system
built cities and acquired great wealth
influenced other cultures’ development in the region
a mother culture of the region

A

olmec

31
Q

> most elaborate and sophisticated writing >system included both pictographs and symbols for syllables
Yucatec
systems of cosmology and mathematics
365.242 days
Obsidian technology
Mayan technicians made techniques for cutting sharp blades
Mayans used specialized jade tools that helped their technological achievements
thought to be the first civil engineers of the Americas

A

mayan culture

32
Q

> followed a hieroglyphic system of writing
ancient Zapotec elites in the Central Valleys of Oaxaca deployed writing to render many genealogical records
many monuments in Monte Alban had such inscriptions on them
a tonal language
developed from the Oto-Manguean family
houses vary in size, number of rooms around the central courtyard, construction materials, and the applied finishes
masonry tombs were usually built under the room of the house oriented towards the East
walls of masonry tombs built under the houses had elaborate narratives painted on them

A

zapotecs

33
Q

> had no system of writing
used bundles of cord called quipus to keep their numerical records
quipu (knot) was made up of a horizontal >cord with a series of strings suspended from it
Quechua

A

incas

34
Q

> built up their food production by creating
floating islands of soil, called chinampas, >held together by willow trees
early mercenaries
Aztec society provided universal schooling for both boys and girls 15 to 20 years of age
Aztec writings
Nahuati

A

aztecs

35
Q

had no iron or bronze with which to make their tools and weapons

had to develop a means for creating effective tools and weapons without the benefit of these metals

made with obsidian and chert

A

aztecs tech

36
Q

China: connected to the birth of scholarship in ancient China, the creation of Confucianism with its extensive exegesis (explanation) of the texts of Confucius, and the active part of scholars in governments

Korea: the yangban scholar movement drove the development of Korean intellectual history from the late Goryeo to the golden age of intellectual achievement in the Joseon Dynasty

A

Asian IR: Pre-Modern

37
Q

modern intellectual history of China

began with the arrival of the Jesuits in the sixteenth century

Jesuits brought with them new astronomical and cartographic knowledge, and were responsible for new developments in Chinese science

A

Asian IR: Modern East Asia

38
Q

India

the ancient epics of South Asia

the development of Hinduism and Hindu philosophy and the rise of Buddhism

other topics relating to the political and artistic lives of pre-modern South Asia

A

Asian IR: Pre-Modern South Asia

39
Q

Persian philosophy can be traced back to Old Iranian philosophical traditions and in ancient Indo-Iranian roots and influenced by Zarathustra’s teachings

Illumination School and the Transcendent Philosophy are regarded as two of the main philosophical traditions in Persia

A

African and Middle East IR

40
Q

Islam and modernity encompass the relation and compatibility between the phenomenon of modernity, its related concepts and ideas, and the religion of Islam

understand the relation between Islam and modernity

Intellectual movements in Iran involve the Iranian experience of modernism, religious intellectualism in Iran develops gradually and subtly

A

Modern Near and Middle East

41
Q

African Renaissance and Afrocentrism

African Renaissance is popularized by South African President Thabo Mbeki

African people and nations can solve the many problems troubling the African continent

reached its height in the late 1990s but continues to be a key part of the post-apartheid intellectual agenda in South Africa

extends well beyond intellectual life to politics and economic development

A

modern africa

42
Q

push away from Eurocentrism has led to the focus on the contributions of African people and their model of world civilization and history

shifted the focus from a perceived European-centered history to an African-centered history

concerned with distinguishing the influence of European and Oriental peoples from African achievements

A

Rise of Afrocentrism

43
Q

last quarter of the 19th century

outward and inordinate expression of European’s quest for territorial occupation of Africa to massively control and brutally exploit African resources for their benefits

to achieve their selfish economic and political interests, the colonizers deliberately distorted and grossly misinterpreted African historical accounts

A

African Intellectual Revolutions

STS (2 decks)

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