Chapter 2 Flashcards
Maslows Hierarchy of Needs
Physiological needs
-air, water, food, shelter, sleep, clothing, reproduction
Safety needs
-personal security, employment, resources, health, property
Love and belonging
-friendship, intimacy, family, sense of connection
Esteem
-respect, self-esteem, status, recognition, strength, freedom
Self-actualization
-desire to become the most that one can be
Mental Disorder
a syndrome characterized by clinically significant disturbance in an individual’s cognitions, emotion regulation, or behavior that reflects a dysfunction in the psychological, biological, or developmental processes underlying mental functioning. Mental disorders are usually associated with significant distress or disability in social, occupational, or other important activities. An expected or culturally approved response to a common stressor or loss such as the death of a loved one is not a mental disorder.
Anxiety
A feeling of discomfort and apprehension related to fear of impending danger. The individual may be unaware of the source of his or her anxiety, but it is often accompanied by feelings of uncertainty and helplessness.
Mild Anxiety
This level of anxiety is seldom a problem for the individual. It is associated with the tension experienced in response to the events of day-to-day living. Mild anxiety prepares people for action. It sharpens the senses, increases motivation for productivity, and results in a heightened awareness of the environment. Learning is enhanced, and the individual is able to function at his or her optimal level.
Moderate Anxiety
As the level of anxiety increases, the extent of the perceptual field diminishes. The moderately anxious individual is less alert to events occurring in the environment. The individual’s attention span and ability to concentrate decrease, although he or she may still attend to needs with direction. Assistance with problem-solving may be required. Increased muscular tension and restlessness are evident.
Severe anxiety
The perceptual field of the severely anxious individual is so greatly diminished that concentration centers on one particular detail only or on many extraneous details. Attention span is extremely limited, and the individual has difficulty completing even the simplest task. Physical symptoms (e.g., headaches, palpitations, insomnia) and emotional symptoms (e.g., confusion, dread, horror) may be evident. Discomfort is experienced to the degree that virtually all overt behavior is aimed at relieving the anxiety.
Panic Anxiety
In this most intense state of anxiety, the individual is unable to focus on even one detail in the environment. Misperceptions are common, and a loss of contact with reality may occur. The individual may experience hallucinations or delusions. Behavior may be characterized by wild and desperate actions or extreme withdrawal. Human functioning and communication with others is ineffective. Panic anxiety is associated with a feeling of terror, and individuals may be convinced that they have a life-threatening illness or fear that they are “going crazy,” are losing control, or are emotionally weak. Prolonged panic anxiety can lead to physical and emotional exhaustion and can be a life-threatening situation.
Grief
Grief is a subjective feeling of sorrow and sadness accompanied by emotional, physical, and social responses to the loss of a loved person or thing.
Stages of Grief
Stage 1—Denial: This is a stage of shock and disbelief. The response may be one of “No, it can’t be true!” The reality of the loss is not acknowledged. Denial is a protective mechanism that allows the individual to cope in an immediate time frame while organizing more effective defense strategies.
Stage 2—Anger: “Why me?” and “It’s not fair!” are comments often expressed during the anger stage. Envy and resentment toward individuals not affected by the loss are common. Anger may be directed at the self or displaced on loved ones, caregivers, and even God. There may be a preoccupation with an idealized image of the lost entity.
Stage 3—Bargaining: During this stage, which is usually not visible or evident to others, a “bargain” is made with God in an attempt to reverse or postpone the loss: “If God will help me through this, I promise I will go to church every Sunday and volunteer my time to help others.” Sometimes the promise is associated with feelings of guilt for not having performed satisfactorily, appropriately, or sufficiently.
Stage 4—Depression: During this stage, the full impact of the loss is experienced. The sense of loss is intense, and feelings of sadness and depression prevail. This is a time of quiet desperation and disengagement from all association with the lost entity. It differs from pathological depression, which occurs when an individual becomes fixed in an earlier stage of the grief process. Rather, stage 4 of the grief response represents advancement toward resolution.
Stage 5—Acceptance: The final stage brings a feeling of peace regarding the loss that has occurred. It is a time of quiet expectation and resignation. The focus is on the reality of the loss and its meaning for the individuals affected by it.
Hippocrates 400B.C
theorized that mental illness was caused by irregularity in the interaction of the four body fluids: blood, black bile, yellow bile, and phlegm. He called these body fluids humors and associated each with a particular disposition. Disequilibrium among these four humors was often treated by inducing vomiting and diarrhea with potent cathartic drugs.
Middle Ages (500 to 1500)
he association of mental illness with witchcraft and the supernatural continued to prevail in Europe. During this period, many people with mental illness were set to sea alone in sailing boats with little guidance to search for their lost rationality, a practice from which the expression “ship of fools” was derived. But in Middle Eastern countries, mental illness began to be perceived as a medical problem rather than a result of supernatural forces. This notion gave rise to the establishment of specialized hospital units and residential institutions specifically designed for clients with mental illness. They can likely be considered the first asylums for individuals with mental illness.
Philadelphia, middle of the 18th century
The first hospital in America to admit clients with mental illness
Benjamin Rush
often called the father of American psychiatry, was a physician at the hospital. He initiated the provision of humanistic treatment and care for clients with mental illness. But although he included kindness, exercise, and socialization in his care, he also employed harsh methods such as bloodletting, purging, various types of physical restraints, and extremes of temperatures, reflecting the medical therapies of that era.
19th Century, state asylums
Dorothea Dix. She was unwavering in her belief that mental illness was curable and that state hospitals should provide humanistic therapeutic care.
Community Health Movement
1960s
