Chapter 2

Question 1

It is a process by which activities are started, directed, and continued.

Answer 1

Motivation

Question 2

Action leads to outcome separate from or external to the person.

Answer 2

Extrinsic motivation

Question 3

The action itself is rewarding
– The action itself motivates the person

Answer 3

Intrrinsic motivation

Question 4

Researchers have found that when tasks are interesting, ______may actually increase intrinsic motivation, at least for a short while.

Answer 4

external rewards

Question 5

Approaches to Motivation

Answer 5

1. Instinct approaches 2.Drive-reduction approaches
   3.Arousal approaches 4.Incentive approaches 5.Humanistic approaches

Question 6

Biologically determined and innate patterns of behavior
– Exist in both people and animals

Answer 6

Instincts

Question 7

Assumes people are governed by instincts similar to those of animals

Answer 7

Instinct Approach

Question 8

The _____ approaches imply that there is little difference between human beings and animals AND human beings have little control over their behaviours.

Answer 8

Instinct

Question 9

is a requirement for some material that is important for survival

Answer 9

Need

Question 10

Tendency for body to maintain a steady
state

Answer 10

Homeostasis

Question 11

______ relatively fixed patterns of behaviours.

Answer 11

Instincts elicit

Question 12

behavior arises from physiological needs

Answer 12

Assumption

Question 13

2 kinds of Drives

Answer 13

Primary and Secondary drives

Question 14

Drivesinvolvingneedsofthe body

Answer 14

Primary drives

Question 15

Driveslearned through experience or conditioning

Answer 15

Secondary drives

Question 16

McClelland Psychological Needs -

Involvesastrongdesiretosucceed
in attaining goals
– Welcomechallenges
– Relatedtosuccessexperiences

Answer 16

nAch

Question 17

Needforfriendlysocialinteractions – Relationshipswithothers

Answer 17

nAff

Question 18

Needtohavecontrolorinfluenceover
others

Answer 18

nPow

Question 19

Appears to be unlearned
– Causes an increase in stimulation
Example: curiosity, playing, exploration

Answer 19

Stimulus Motive

Question 20

Arousal Approaches

Answer 20

Stimulus motive and arousal theory

Question 21

People have an optimal (best or ideal) level of tension
Seek to maintain tension by increasing or
decreasing stimulation

Answer 21

Arousal theory

Question 22

Performance is related to arousal
– Moderate levels of arousal lead to better performance

Answer 22

Yerkes-Dodson law

Question 23

Sensation seeker
§Needs more arousal than the average person
§May be related to temperament (inborn)

Answer 23

Yerkes-Dodson law

Question 24

Behavior is explained as a response to an external stimulus and its rewarding properties

Answer 24

Incentive approaches

Question 25

Expectancy-value theories Tolman and others – In order to predict actions, we need to know the individual’s beliefs about their abilities and values associated with the actions

Answer 25

Incentive approaches

Question 26

In order to predict actions, we need to know the individual’s beliefs about their abilities and values associated with the actions

Answer 26

Expectancy-value theories Tolman and others

Question 27

Presents a more positive view of human behavior

Answer 27

Humanistic Approaches Maslow’s Hierarch of Needs

Question 28

Maslows hierarchy of needs

Answer 28

PSBECAST

Question 29

relate to your body, e.g., hunger, thirsty sex, sleep, free of pain

Answer 29

Physiological needs

Question 30

physical and psychological safety

Answer 30

Safety needs

Question 31

need to give and receive love, a sense of belonging

Answer 31

Love and belonging needs

Question 32

a sense of worth, respect from others and self-respect; reputation; social status

Answer 32

Esteem needs

Question 33

Point that is seldom reached – Individual has sufficiently satisfied lower needs – Achieved full human potential

Answer 33

Self-actualization

Question 34

Times where self-actualization is temporarily achieved

Answer 34

Peak experiences

Question 35

Believed that more than one need could be active at a time – Progression up and down the hierarchy is common – One need assumes greater importance at a particular time than other needs

Answer 35

Alderfer (1972)

Question 36

SD THEORY In control of one’s own behavior and goals

Answer 36

Autonomy

Question 37

Able to master challenging tasks of one’s life

Answer 37

Competence

Question 38

Sense of belonging, intimacy, and security in relationships with others

Answer 38

Relatedness