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Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Theory Construction Approaches

A
  1. Inductive Approach
  2. Deductive Approach
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2
Q

This indicates that scientific knowledge can only be derived from sensory experience. Which theory construction approach is this?

A

Inductive Approach

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3
Q

Scientific truth is discovered through the generalization of observed facts in the natural world. Which theory construction approach is this?

A

Inductive Approach

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4
Q

Collection of facts precedes attempts to formulate generalizations.

A

Inductive Approach

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5
Q

RESEARCH – THEN – THEORY approach

A

Inductive Approach

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6
Q

Most common approach to theory building.

A

Inductive Approach

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7
Q

Draw generalizations from research findings or empirical observations.

A

Inductive approach

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8
Q

The theory can then be used to guide further research, which in turn tests the theory & determines whether or not the generalizations holds true over time.

A

Inductive approach

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9
Q

Advances in biological science would develop through systematic observation of objects & events in the natural world. Which approach is this?

A

Deductive Approach

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10
Q

THEORY – THEN – RESEARCH approach

A

Deductive approach

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11
Q

If research findings fail to correspond with theoretical assertions additional research is done or modifications are made & further tests are devised, otherwise, the theory is discarded. Which theory construction approach is this?

A

Deductive approach

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12
Q

Major Contributions in the Historical Development of Theory in Nursing

A
  1. Florence Nightingale
  2. The Columbia Theorists, 1950s
  3. The Yale Theorists, 1960s
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13
Q

What are the stages in the development of nursing theory?

A
  1. Silent knowledge
  2. Received knowledge
  3. Subjective knowledge
  4. Procedural knowledge
  5. Constructed knowledge
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14
Q

What are the approaches to theory development?

A
  1. Theory - Practice - Theory (Borrowed or shared theory)
  2. Practice theory (Grounded theory)
  3. Research theory (Scientific theory)
  4. Theory - Research - Theory (Theory testing)
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15
Q

What are the levels of theory?

A
  1. Descriptive Theory
  2. Correlational Theory
  3. Explanatory Theory
  4. Predictive Theory
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16
Q

Enumerate the scopes of theory.

A
  1. Metatheory
  2. Grand theory
  3. Middle-Range theories
  4. Practice theory
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17
Q

Identify the components of a theory.

A
  1. Clarity
  2. Simplicity
  3. Generality
  4. Empirical Precision/Testability
  5. Derivable Consequences
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18
Q

This presents the first theory of nursing.

A

Florence Nightingale’s notes on nursing

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19
Q

Focuses on the manipulation of the environment for the benefits of the patient.

A

Florence Nightingale’s theory

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20
Q

Columbia Theorists, 1950s. Which university developed graduate education programs?

A

Columbia University Teacher’s College

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21
Q

The first theoretical conceptualizations of nursing science came from where? Who were the theorists?

A

The graduates of the COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY’S TEACHERS COLLEGE graduate program. They were Peplau, Henderson, Hall, and Abdellah.

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22
Q

Operated from a biomedical model that focused primarily on what the nurses do. They considered patient problems & needs.

A

The Columbia Theorists, 1950s

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23
Q

Theoretical thinking in nursing moved from focusing on a problem or need & the functional roles to focusing on the relationship between the nurse & the patient. (HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF NURSING THEORY)

A

The Yale Theorists, 1960s. Henderson, Orlando, Weidenbach.

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24
Q

Theorists of Yale school view nursing as a ______. Looked at how nurses do what they do, & how the patient perceives his/her situation.

A

process

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25
Who were the two philosophers and a nurse that had presented a definition of nursing theory & goals for theory development in nursing?
1976 Yale faculty - Dickoff, James, & Wiedenbach
26
Their paper was published in ______ a year later & has become a classic document in the history of theoretical thinking in nursing. Who were they?
Nursing Research. 1976 Yale faculty - Dickoff, James, & Wiedenbach
27
blind obedience to medical authority
Silent knowledge
28
learning through listening to others
Received knowledge
29
authority was internalized and a new sense of self emerged.
Subjective knowledge
30
includes both separate and connected knowledge (STAGES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF NURSING THEORY)
procedural knowledge
31
Integration of different types of knowledge (intuition reason & self – knowledge)
Constructed knowledge
32
There was little attempt to develop theory. Research was limited only to the collection of data.
Silent knowledge
33
Research was primarily educational research or sociologic research. Theories were borrowed from other disciplines. (STAGES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF NURSING THEORY)
Received knowledge
34
A negative attitude toward borrowed theories & science emerged. Nurse scholars focused on defining nursing and on developing theories about and for nursing. (STAGES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF NURSING THEORY)
Subjective knowledge
35
Nursing research focused on the nurse rather than on clients and clinical situations. (STAGES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF NURSING THEORIES)
Subjective knowledge
36
There was a proliferation of approaches to theory development.
Procedural knowledge
37
Application of theory in practice was frequently underemphasized. Emphasis was placed on the procedures used to acquire knowledge with over attention to the appropriateness of methodology
Procedural knowledge
38
Nursing theory should be based on prior empirical studies, theoretical literature client reports of clinical experiences & feelings & the nurse scholar’s intuition of related knowledge about the phenomenon of concern.
Constructed knowledge
39
Approaches to Theory Development. Theories select a non-nursing theory.
Theory - Practice - Theory (Borrowed or shared theory.
40
Approaches to the Development of Nursing Theories. Researcher observed phenomenon of interest analyses similarities & differences, compares & contrasts responses & develops concepts & linkages
Practice theory (Grounded theory)
41
Researcher selects a phenomenon. Lists & measures characteristics of the phenomenon in a variety of situations. Analyses the data to determine if there are points that need further study & formulates patterns as theoretical statements.
Research Theory (Scientific theory)
42
Theorists define a theory & determines theory testing. The theory is modified, refined, or further developed based on research findings. (APPROACHES TO THEORY DEVELOPMENT)
Theory - Research - Theory (Theory testing)
43
Defines or describes something Merely names a concept May describe a process E.g. Kubler – Ross
Descriptive theory
44
Descriptive nursing theory would provide definitions of concepts such as:
Client Health Nursing as in Peplau’s work
45
Relates two variables but does not indicate which variable cause the other. Not very common They tend to be a transitional phase in theory development process
Correlational theory
46
Attempts to describe how or why the concepts are related. It specifies the associations or relationships among concepts E.g. theoretical framework or models by Johnson, King, Orem
Explanatory theory
47
Is achieved when the conditions under which concepts are related are stated & the relational statements are able to describe future outcomes consistently. E.g. Han’s Selye – theory of stress & the GAS (general adaptation syndrome) (LEVELS OF THEORY)
Predictive theory
48
To describe the philosophical basis of discipline
Metatheory
49
Refers to a theory about theory
Metatheory
50
Focuses on broad issue such as processes of generating knowledge & theory development & it is a forum for debate within the discipline. (SCOPE OF THEORY)
Metatheory
51
To describe comprehensive conceptual frameworks (SCOPE OF THEORY)
Grand theory
52
most complex and broadest in scope
Grand theory
53
Comprised of relatively abstract concepts that lack operational definitions
Grand theory
54
Their propositions are also abstract & are not generally amenable for testing E.g. (Orem, Roy, Rogers) theory in nursing
Grand theory
55
Lies between nursing models & concrete ideas
Middle-Range theories
56
Substantively specific & encompass a limited number of concepts & a limited aspect of the real world (SCOPE OF THEORY)
Middle-Range theories
57
social support, quality of life, & health promotion models (scope of theory)
Middle-Range theories
58
also called micro theories, prescriptive theories, or situation specific theories & are the least complex.
Practice theory
59
Narrow in scope, explain a small aspect of reality & tend to be prescriptive. (SCOPE OF THEORY)
Practice theory
60
Usually limited to a specific population or fields of practice & often use knowledge from other disciplines.
Practice theory
61
Criteria for evaluating the theoretical work.
Components of Theory
62
Analysis, critique & evaluation of the theoretical works.
Components of a Theory
63
This process is very useful in learning about the theory. It is very useful for the nurse scientist who intend to test, expand, or extend the theoretical works.
Components of a Theory
64
The areas that need further investigations are discovered through the process of critique or analysis.
65
Concepts & their definitions often have multiple meanings within the discipline & and other disciplines, therefore words should be carefully defined. (COMPONENTS OF A THEORY)
Clarity
66
A theory should be sufficiently comprehensive & at a level of abstraction to provide guidance. (COMPONENTS OF A THEORY)
Simplicity
67
It should have few concepts as possible with simplistic relations to aid clarity The most useful theory provides the greatest sense of understanding (Reynolds). (COMPONENTS OF A THEORY)
Simplicity
68
To determine the generality of a theory the scope of contents & goals within the theory are examined. (COMPONENTS OF A THEORY)
Generality
69
The more limited the concepts & goals, the less general the theory. (COMPONENTS OF A THEORY)
Generality
70
The situations that the theory applies to should not be limited. (COMPONENTS OF A THEORY)
Generality
71
What question should the component of generality answer to?
How general is the theory?
72
What question(s) should the component of clarity answer to?
(1) How clear is the theory? (2) Are major concepts and their definitions identified?
73
What question should the component of simplicity answer to?
How simple is the theory?
74
What question should the component of empirical precision/testability answer to?
How accessible is this theory?
75
What question should the component of derivable consequences answer to?
How important is this theory?
76
________ is linked to testability & ultimate use of a theory.
Empirical precision
77
It refers to the extent that the defined concepts are grounded in observable reality. (COMPONENTS OF A THEORY)
Empirical precision/testability
78
How well the evidence support the theory is indicative of ________. (COMPONENTS OF A THEORY)
empirical adequacy
79
There should be a match between theoretical claims & the empirical evidence. (COMPONENTS OF A THEORY)
Empirical precision/testability
80
If research, theory & practice are to be meaningfully related, then nursing theory should lend itself to research testing. (COMPONENTS OF A THEORY)
Derivable consequences
81
Research testing should lead to knowledge that guide practice. (COMPONENTS OF A THEORY)
Derivable consequences
82
For a theory to be considered useful, it is essential for theory to develop & guide practice. (COMPONENTS OF A THEORY)
Derivable consequences

NCM100 (2 decks)

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