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Biology 10 > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Atom

A

The basic unit of matter

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2
Q

Element

A

A pure substance that consists entirely of one type of atom

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3
Q

Molecule

A

Smallest unit of most compounds that displays all the properties of that compound

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4
Q

Compound

A

Substance formed by a chemical combination of two or more elements

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5
Q

Mixture

A

Material composed of two or more elements or compounds that are physically mixed together

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6
Q

Ion

A

Positively and negatively charged atoms (cation and anion)

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7
Q

Potential Energy

A

stored energy

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8
Q

Kinetic Energy

A

energy in motion

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9
Q

Nucleus

A

the center of an atom

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10
Q

Electron

A

Negatively charged particle, found outside an atoms nucleus

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11
Q

Neutron

A

Neutral charged particle, found inside an atoms nucleus

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12
Q

Proton

A

Positively charged particle, found inside an atoms nucleus

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13
Q

Matter

A

has mass and takes up space

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14
Q

Energy

A

The ability to do work

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15
Q

Isotopes

A

Atoms of the same element that differ in their number of neutrons

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16
Q

What do 97% of compounds present in living things contain?

A

CHOPNS (Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, Nitrogen, Sulfur

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17
Q

What is a proton’s location, charge, and mass

A

nucleus, +, 1 A.M.U>

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18
Q

What is a neutron’s location, charge, and mass?

A

nucleus, 0, 1 A.M.U.

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19
Q

What is an electron’s location, charge, and mass?

A

electron cloud, - , 0 A.M.U.

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20
Q

When doing electron placement in energy levels, what’s the maximum number of electrons in the first level?

A

2

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21
Q

When doing electron placement in energy levels, what’s the maximum number of electrons in the second level?

A

8

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22
Q

When doing electron placement in energy levels, what’s the maximum number of electrons in the third level?

A

18

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23
Q

The atoms in compounds that are held together by various types of ______

A

Chemical bonds

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24
Q

Valance Electrons

A

The electrons that surround each atomic nucleus and that are available to form bonds

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25
Q

Ionic Bond

A

formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another

26
Q

Covalent Bond

A

The moving electrons travel about the nuclei of both atoms

27
Q

Single Covalent bond

A

When the atoms share two electrons

28
Q

Water is an example of a _____ bond because each hydrogen atom shares two electrons with the oxygen atom.

A

Single covalent

29
Q

How many covalent bonds are required for Sulfur

A

2 bonds

30
Q

How many bonds are required for Carbon

A

4

31
Q

How many covalent bonds are required for nitrogen

A

3

32
Q

How many covalent bonds are required for Oxygen

A

2

33
Q

How many covalent bonds are required for hydrogen

A

1

34
Q

Organic Chemistry

A

contains the element “carbon”

35
Q

Inorganic Chemistry

A

Does not contain the element “carbon”

36
Q

Solutions

A

ions gradually become dispersed in the water and break away (ex - crystals of table salt in water)

37
Q

Solute

A

the substance that is dissolved (ex - sugar)

38
Q

Solvent

A

the substance in which the solute dissolves in (ex - H2O)

39
Q

Suspension

A

mixture of water and nondissolved material (ex - human blood)

40
Q

True or False: Some atoms have a stronger attraction for electrons that do other atoms

A

True

41
Q

Van der Waals forces

A

slight attraction that develops between oppositely charged regions of nearby molecules

42
Q

What is water’s polarity?

A

Neutral

43
Q

oxygen’s end of a water molecule has a slight ____ charge

A

negative

44
Q

Hydrogen’s end of the water molecule has a slight _____ charge

A

positive

45
Q

Hydrogen Bond

A

Attraction between a hydrogen atom on one water molecule and the oxygen atom on another

46
Q

True or False: Hydrogen bonds are not as strong as covalent or ionic bonds

A

True

47
Q

Cohesion

A

attraction between molecules of the same substance

48
Q

Cohesion can cause …..

A

water molecules to be drawn together (ex. water beads) and produce surface tension (ex. insects walk on water)

49
Q

Adhesion

A

attraction between molecules of different substances

50
Q

Examples of adhesion

A
  • water in a graduated cylinder (meniscus)
  • causes water to rise in a narrow tube against the force of gravity
51
Q

Capillary Action

A

water rising against the force of gravity

52
Q

Specific Heat Capacity

A

water’s heat capacity, the amount of heat energy required to increase its temperature, is relatively high

53
Q

H+

A

hydrogen ion

54
Q

OH-

A

hydroxide ion

55
Q

pH

A

the concentration of H+ ions in solution

56
Q

Acids

A

has more H+ than pure water ,below 7, stronger closer to 0

57
Q

Bases

A

has more -OH than pure water, above 7, strongest closer to 14

58
Q

Buffers

A

weak acids or bases that prevent sharp changes in pH

59
Q

Adding acid to an unbuffered solution causes…

A

the pH of the unbuffered solution to drop and become an acidic pH

60
Q

Adding acid to a buffered solution will cause…

A

a slight change in pH and create a basic pH

Biology 10 (2 decks)

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