chapter 2 Flashcards
raw scores
scores initially measured in a study before they are analyzed or transformed
the number of times a score occurs in a set of data
frequency
general name for an organized set of data. a distribution showing the number of times each score occurs in the data
frequency distribution
symbol for a score’s frequency
f
what do we use N to notate?
symbol for total number of scores in the data
how to find f for a score
count how many times that score appears in a set of numbers
how to find N for a data set
count the total number of scores
steps to creating a simple frequency distibution table
1) start with a column score and an f column
2) in the score’s column, rank scores from highest to lowest with all possible scores even those for which the frequency is zero
3) count the # of scores for each value, and write those numbers in the frequency column
how do you add a percentage column to a frequency table?
f/Nx100
which axis do scores go on? what about frequencies?
scores=x
frequencies=y
because interval and ratio data is thought to be continuous, we create __________ to express their qualities
histographs, polygons
what type of graph is used to express nominal and ordinal frequency distribution?
bar graph
why do we use bar graphs for nominal and ordinal levels?
because the data is discrete. the space in between bars communicates this
how do we arrange bar graphs for nominal and ordinal data?
bars go over x-scores, height matches frequency scores
when are histograms good to use?
depicting one variable. use when have a small number of interval or ratio data. similar to bar graphs except adjacent bars touch, indicating the x variables are continuous
