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chapter 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Why do I need statistics?

A

Explain, and describe phenomena in a tangible way we can measure and understand
Helps us see the world for what it truly is and not what we think it may be
it helps us see if progress is being made in research and in the world

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2
Q

what are the 2 branches of statistics

A

descriptive, inferential

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3
Q

what is descriptive stats?

A

ways of describing large amounts of data in a single number or a few numbers. organize, summarize, communicate

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4
Q

A bar graph is a good example of which branch of statistics?

A

descriptive

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5
Q

N=

A

number of people in a sample/population

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6
Q

what is the mean?

A

arithmetic average of the scores

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7
Q

the point that divides the distribution

A

median

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8
Q

mode

A

the score most frequently occuring

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9
Q

standard deviation

A

lets you know how close the scores are together, the smaller the sd the closer. the larger the SD, the more scattered.

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10
Q

what is inferential statistics?

A

using sample data to make general estimations about the larger population

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11
Q

using data to say something with confidence, about a whole population, based on the study of only a few

A

sampling

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12
Q

What is the difference between a sample and population?

A

the population is the entire group being studied. the sample are the specific group the data is being collected from. sample smaller than population

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13
Q

statistical inference :

A

the act of generalizing from a sample to a population with calculated degree of certainty

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14
Q

a new mouthguard was designed to prevent teeth grinding. it was tested on random people who grind their teeth. based on the results, it was effective at preventing teeth grinding. this is an example of what type of statistics?

A

inferential

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15
Q

What is random sampling?

A

every member of the population being studied would have an equal chance of being selected

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16
Q

why is random sampling good?

A

for very large samples, it provides the best chance of an unbiased representative sample

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17
Q

sampling that is time consuming for large populations due to the need to list every individual

A

random sampling

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18
Q

What is stratified sampling?

A

dividing the target population into important subcategories. selecting members in the proportion that they occur in the population

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19
Q

why is stratified sampling good?

A

a deliberate effort is made to make the sample representative of the entire target population

20
Q

why is stratified sampling bad?

A

it can be time consuming as the subcategories have to be identified and proportions calculated

21
Q

volunteer sampling

A

individuals choose to be involved in a study. also called self selecting.

22
Q

why is volunteer sampling good?

A

convenient and ethical if it leads to informed consent

23
Q

why is volunteer sampling bad?

A

unrepresentative as it leads to bias on the part of the participant. eg a daytime tv advert would not attract full time workers

24
Q

opportunity sampling

A

simply selecting those people that are available at the time

25
Q

why is opportunity sampling good?

A

quick, convenient, economical. a most common type of sampling in practice.

26
Q

why is opportunity sampling bad?

A

very unrepresentative samples and often biased by the researcher who wil likely choose people who are “helpful”

27
Q

observations of physical, attitudinal, and behavioral characteristics that take on different values

A

variables

28
Q

researchers typically begin research by

A

operationalizing or transforming their observations into numbers

29
Q

variable manipulated by researcher, chosen to have some effect on some response or behavior

A

independent variable

30
Q

dependent variable

A

a response measure we think will be influenced by the independent variables. it is what we are measuring/interested in

31
Q

identify the independent and dependent variables.

you want to see if wet food satisfies your cat more.

A

independent: wet food
dependent: the cat’s satiation

32
Q

mediating variable

A

variable that acts as a bridge connecting the independent variable to the dependent variable

33
Q

idenify the indpendent, mediating, and dependent variables

A
34
Q

effect on results because of the extraneous variables not controlled for

A

spurious effect

35
Q

When does an extraneous variable become a confound?

A

if it offers an alternative explanation for the outcome

36
Q

spurious effect

A

effect on results because of the extraneous variables not controlled for

37
Q

variable that may affect the outcome of a study but was not controlled for by the researcher

A

extraneous variable

38
Q

you are male or female. you are pregnant or not. you are in 1st or second grade. what type of variable is this?

A

discrete

39
Q

variable with only two options

A

dichotomous

40
Q

what type of variable allows for fractional amounts?

A

continuous

41
Q

what are the 4 levels of measurement?

A

nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio

42
Q

the interval level with an inherent zero starting point. ex: distance traveled, income per month

A

ratio level

43
Q

measurement level with no natural zero point. example: temperature on the farenheit scale

A

interval level

44
Q

describe the nominal level of measurement

A

data that is classified into categories and cannot be arranged in any particular order (eye color, gender, religious affiliation)

45
Q

categories-order-distance between has meaning-absolute zero

A

nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio

psych 223 (3 decks)

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