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Advanced Clinical Assessment and Diagnosis > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

T or f? Increasing communication requires client activation, heightening person-centered care, involving mutual decision-making, and content with process, and results.

A

T

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2
Q

What do psychotropic medications do?

A

Support client’s recovery but prescribing on a schedule often does not meet expectations of client-centered care.

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3
Q

What are antipsychotics fundamentally used for?

A

The treatment of schizophrenia

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4
Q

T or f? Antipsychotics are being used “off-label” with decreasing frequency.

A

False. They are being used “off-label” with increasing frequency.

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5
Q

What is the number 1 most-prescribed drug in the U.S.?

A

Abilify

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6
Q

What are medications that stimulate central nervous system activity?

A

Stimulants

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7
Q

What are primarily used for treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactive disorder?

A

Stimulants

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8
Q

What are examples of stimulants?

A

Ritalin, Concerta (both methylphenidate)

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9
Q

T or f? Other drugs may have stimulant effects, ranging from common daily drinks (caffeine), cold medications (ephedrine) and illegal substances (MDMA, cocaine).

A

T

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10
Q

What are the two main types of mood stabilizers?

A

Lithium and anticonvulsant medications

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11
Q

What is the first and still commonly used mood stabilizer requiring monitoring blood levels?

A

Lithium

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12
Q

What are examples of anticonvulsants?

A

Valproic acid, lamictal, depakote, and tegretol

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13
Q

T or f? Mood stabilizers reduce but do not eliminate the risk of manic episodes.

A

T

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14
Q

T or f? Mood stabilizers indirectly prevents depressive episodes that follow mania.

A

T

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15
Q

What is the primary treatment for manic episodes, characteristic of Bipolar I Disorder and schizoaffective disorder?

A

Mood stabilizers

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16
Q

What are sometimes used “off-label” for other disorders that are attributed by emotional instability, such as bpd or for schizophrenia?

A

Mood stabilizers

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17
Q

What is the causes of a disease of a condition called?

A

etiology

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18
Q

T or f? Understanding the etiology of mental health conditions is largely the domain of epidemiology specifically psychiatric epidemiology.

A

T

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19
Q

What does psychiatric epidemiology do?

A

Identifies factors related to the prevalence (number of cases at any given time) and incidence (number of new cases that arise over time) of a particular condition, understanding causes is critical for prevention and intervention

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20
Q

What is the occurrence of new cases of disease that develop in a candidate population over a specified time period called?

A

Incidence

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21
Q

T or f? Prevalence is the number with a disease over a particular period.

A

T

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22
Q

T or f? Pre-WWII epidemiology: the main causes of death were infectious disease and likewise this was the main focus of epidemiology and public health. How infection would cause or relate to disease was identified.

A

T

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23
Q

T or f? After WWII, chronic diseases became more common in physical health, and nonbiological causes were increasingly identified in mental health. In other words, there was an emergence of chronic disease or risk factor epidemiology.

A

T

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24
Q

Why are risk factors associated with health outcomes?

A

Risk factor causes health outcome, health outcome causes risk factor, and common cause for risk factor and health outcome. Ex: debate over cannabis and psychosis
A causes B
B causes C
C is caused by A and B

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25
Q

What is a risk factor?

A

A factor that contributes to the risk for a disease, but may be neither necessary nor sufficient to produce it.

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26
Q

What are the tasks of chronic disease epidemiologists (including psychiatric)?

A
  1. Identify risk factors

2. Separate cause from coincidence

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27
Q

T or f? It is not necessary for epidemiologists/psychiatrists to know how risk factors work for them to be useful.

A

T

28
Q

T or f? A qualification about the causes is that cause does not need to be necessary and cause may not be sufficient in other circumstances.

A

T

29
Q

T or f? If a risk factor is present in all causal pies then it is a necessary cause, and if a causal pie is made up of only one risk factor then that is a sufficient cause.

A

t

30
Q

T or f? Causal relationships are context-dependent.

A

T

31
Q

T or f? The definition of the causal field is a value judgment and researcher decides which causes are considered “fixed.”

A

T

32
Q

What are risk factors?

A

Biological, social, or psychological factors that are related to greater risk for some health condition, or possible cues.

33
Q

What is a factor related to a disease or an illness, that all else being equaled, would not have occurred without this factor?

A

Cause

34
Q

What are some psychological factors related to etiology?

A

personality, learned behaviors and cognitions, emotional reactivity to stressful events, social cognitive processes (ex: attributional style, theory of mind, trauma history)

35
Q

T or f? Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPS) are variations in a single link DNA and after often identified through Genome Wide Association Studies (GWAS).

A

T

36
Q

T or f? Rates of autism have been surging, yet the cause is unclear; anti-vaccine movements indicate that vaccines result in autism, yet there is no scientific evidence that this is the case; individuals who aren’t vaccinated are not any more likely to get autism, and this is unknown.

A

T

37
Q

T or f? There is a possibility that selective mating (no evidence) or environmental variables are increasing rates of the risks of getting SNPs.

A

T

38
Q

T or f? SKA2 methylation is a biomarker for suicide risk, measurable in blood and may be involved in cortisol stress reactivity and greater methylation equates to lower/reduced cortisol reactivity.

A

T

39
Q

T or f? Having a cancer gene does not mean that you will get cancer. Exceptions are Huntington’s chorea, some forms of breast cancer, others. Recent evidence shows that epigenetics can be passed down; for example, prenatal maternal stress may influence risk for depression

A

T

40
Q

What is the human brain responsible for?

A

Complex behavior and role in all mental health symptoms but not necessarily the cause;

41
Q

What does understanding the function of the brain help us do?

A

Guides treatment and helps us understand the origins (development) of the effects of mental health symptoms

42
Q

T or f? The Dexamethasone suppression test measures cortisol response.

A

T

43
Q

What allows for the understanding of brain structure?

A

CT scans and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

44
Q

What does neuroimaging allow?

A

Detection of brain activity, functional MRI, positron emission tomography (and allows tracing of connections between areas such as diffusion tensor imaging)

45
Q

T or f? fMRI uses the same equipment as structural MRI, and as neural tissue becomes active, it requires more oxygen, and fMRI measures changes in oxygen levels as an indirect (and imperfect) measure of neural activity.

A

T

46
Q

What is related to a decrease in depressive symptoms and which actually shows clinical/behavioral change and can be seen in the brain?

A

Psychotherapy

47
Q

What is the doctrine of specific nerve energies (1826)?

A

States that different nerves carry different codes and we are aware of nerve activity, not external stimuli themselves, and that different nerves lead to different sensations (any sensation that can be generated by external stimuli can also be generated internally conceptually) and was the origin of modern biological psychology

48
Q

What is the most common form of treatment that has been around for 100 years and which is based on the biology of the brain?

A

Medications

49
Q

What underlies the nervous system?

A

Different nerves carrying different kind of codes or signals

50
Q

True or false? Hallucinations are nerves being activated without stimulus.

A

True

51
Q

True or false? Theoretically, any sensation that can be generated by external stimuli can be generated by internal stimuli and is a modern understanding of biological psychology.

A

True

52
Q

Early tries at staining and recognizing individual nerve cells was the neuron doctrine, which was based on what?

A

Understanding of the nervous system and how nerves come together

53
Q

True or false? Neurons and synapses are fundamental brain entities including consciousness and all functions of the brain must be understood by neurons and their interactions

A

True

54
Q

T or f? Even the complex behaviors like sense of consciousness can be boiled down to nervous system cells, vice versa

A

T

55
Q

A med has to get to the blood brain barrier to get it to work? T or f?

A

T

56
Q

Some chems can pass through the blood brain barrier and some cannot. T or f?

A

T

57
Q

Drugs act on synaptic transmission increasing or decreasing the quantity of transmitter being passed from one neurotransmitter to the next. T or f?

A

T

58
Q

What is a neurotransmitter?

A

a molecule released at a chemical synapse that binds with receptors on the postsynaptic neuron, resulting in transmission of information.

59
Q

How is a drug different from a neurotransmitter?

A

A drug is an exogenous chemical– so that means its origins are outside of the body– that alters the function of certain cells of the body. In the case of psychopharmacology, or drugs that act on mental health, we’re impacting neurotransmitters in the brain

60
Q

What is pharmacology?

A

study of the effects of drugs on the nervous system and behavior. And these drugs typically modify the action of one or more neurotransmitters.

61
Q

Most communication between neurons takes place at a specialized structure called a what?

A

Synapse

62
Q

What is an area where two neurons come together or are close enough that they are able to pass chemical signals to one another?

A

Synapse

63
Q

T or f? Neurons are not connected but are separated by a microscopically small space called the what?

A

Synaptic cleft

64
Q

T or f? The synaptic cleft is less than 4 nm wide; by comparison a human hair is about 75,000 nm.

A

T

65
Q

The neuron where the signal is initiated is called the presynaptic neuron while the neuron that receives the signal is the postsynaptic neuron. T or f?

A

T

Advanced Clinical Assessment and Diagnosis (4 decks)

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