Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

motor speech disorders > chapter 2 > Flashcards

chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what does rostral mean?

A

up, toward the nose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what does caudal mean?

A

down, toward the tail

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what does dorsal mean?

A

back

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what does ventral mean?

A

front

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

how does midsaggital divide the brain?

A

divides the brain into left & right halves along the midline (i.e., along the longitudinal fissure)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

how does sagittal divide the brain?

A

divides the brain into left and right sections that are not necessarily equal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

how does coronal divide the brain?

A

divides front and back

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

how does transvers(horizantal) divide the brain?

A

top and bottom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what does flexion mean?

A

– decrease the angle of limb segments around a joint.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what does extension mean?

A

increase angle of limb segments around a joint.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what does adduction mean?

A

movement toward the body’s central axis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what does abduction mean?

A

movement away from the central axis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what does pronate mean?

A

rotate a limb inward (palm down). Body face down

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what does supinate mean?

A

rotate a limb outward (palm up). Body face up.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what does acute mean?

A

evolve over minutes to hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what does subacute mean?

A

evolves over days to weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what does chronic mean?

A

develop or continue over long term (months, years)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

how is the motor system organized?

A

cns and pns

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what consists of the cns?

A

brain and spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what consists of the pns?

A

12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is the function of the brain?

A

initiates and regulates sensory-motor and cognitive function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is the spinal cord’s function?

A

primarily a transmission system for info traveling between brain & PNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is the function of the cranial nerves?

A

nuclei in brainstem (and most imp for speech)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what are the spinal nerves?

A

nuceli in spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what are the subdivisions of the PNS?

A

somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system

afferent and efferent fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what is the function somatic nervous system?

A

carry sensorimotor info to and from the skeletal muscles of the “voluntary system.”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what is the function of the autonomic nervous system?

A

Controls involuntary functions, e.g. digestion, blood pressure.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what does motor speech mainly focus on?

A

somatic nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what are afferent fibers?

A

sensory, carry info from periphery to more central structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what is the function of efferent fibers?

A

carry info from central structures to periphery.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

where does almost all activity in the nervous system originate?

A

the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

how is the brain divided?

A

cerebrum, brainstem, cerebellum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what is the cerebrum?

A

largest and most prominent part of the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

how is the cerebrum split?

A

2 hemispheres, by the longitudinal fissure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

how is the cerebrum organized?

A

front lobe, temporal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

what is the function of the left superior portion of the brain?

A

speech, lang, verbal memory, short term info

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

what is the function of the right superior portion of the brain?

A

pragmatic behavior, visual and spatial concepts, music, emotion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

what is the precentral gyrus responsible for?

A

(primary motor cortex, motor strip); initiates movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

what is the post central gyrus responsible for?

A

primary sensory cortex, sensory strip)

40
Q

what is the cerbral cortex?

A

the surface of the cerebrum, aka “gray matter”

41
Q

what is the function of the cerbral cortex?

A

higher cognitive abilities; language, motor planning, problem solving, sensory perception

42
Q

what is the frontal lobe responsible for?

A

motor cortex associated with high level abstract thinking

43
Q

what is the responsibility of the premotor cortex in the frontal love?

A

planning and coordinating skilled movements

44
Q

what is the function of the prefrontal cortex in the frontal love?

A

cognitive functioning: reasoning, abstract thinking, self-monitoring, advance planning

45
Q

what happens if lesions occur at the angular gyrus?

A

alexa, agraphia, acalculia

46
Q

what is the function of the paritel lobe?

A

sensory cortex for touch, temp, sensory functions other than hearing and vision

47
Q

what is the function of the frontal love?

A

motor cortex associated with high-level abstract thinking

48
Q

where is heschl’s gyrus located and whats its function?

A

lateral fissure; primary auditory cortex

49
Q

where is wernicke’s area located and its’ function?

A

the temporal lobe, language comp.

50
Q

what happens if a lesion occurs on heschl’s gyrus?

A

we retain some hearing sensitivity because each side receives projections from both ears

51
Q

what is the occipital lobe responsible for?

A

visual cortex

52
Q

what happens if damage occurs to the primary visual cortex?

A

blindless from contralateral eye

53
Q

what happens if damage occurs in the secondary visualcortex?

A

visual agnosia

54
Q

how is the brainstem divided?

A

midbrain, pons, medulla

55
Q

what is the cranial nerve nuclei?

A

the point where cranial nerves attach to the brainstem

56
Q

what is the midbrain ad it’s function?

A

contains neural connections realted to vision, audition, and balance,

57
Q

what is the pons and it’s function?

A

connects cerebral hemispheres

58
Q

what happens if damage occurs to the pons?

A

multitiude of sensory and motor problems because it connects the hemispheres

59
Q

what is the medulla and its’ function?

A

primary level of decussation of pyramidal fiber tracts

60
Q

what happens if damage occurs above the medulla?

A

contra-lateral motor problems in limbs

61
Q

what happens if damage occurs below the medulla?

A

ipsi-lateral motor deficits

62
Q

what makes the brainstem important?

A

it acts as a passageway for descending and ascending neural tracks that travel between cerebrum and spinal cord

63
Q

what is the cerebellum’s most important function?

A

it coordinates voluntary movements so muscles contract with correct amount of force at appropriate times

64
Q

what are interneurons?

A

they link neurons with other neurons

65
Q

what are efferent neurons?

A

transmits impulses away from the CNS (usuaully motor)

66
Q

what is the function of afferent neurons?

A

transmit impulses toward the CNS (usually sensory)

67
Q

what is the function of glial cells?

A

provide nutrients to nerve cells, build myelin, remove dead cells, and provide connective tissue

68
Q

hat is the function of microglia cells?

A

remove dead cells and other waste

69
Q

what is the function of shcwann cells?

A

provide myelin sheath around axons in the PNS

70
Q

what is the function oligodendroglia cells?

A

form myelin sheath around axons in the CNS

71
Q

what is the function of astrocytes?

A

make connective tissue of the CNS

72
Q

what the difference between tracts and nerves?

A

tracts: Bundles of axons found in the CNS
nerves: Bundles of axons found in the PNS

73
Q

what are 2 important neurotransmitters in the motor system?

A

acetylcholine and dopamine

74
Q

do CNS neurons regenerate?

A

no, not successfully

75
Q

do PNS neurons regenerate?

A

yes

76
Q

what type of muscles do nervous system innervate?

A

striated muscles

77
Q

what is the desire to move?

A

taking desire and turning it into movement is often done easily but is extremely complex

78
Q

what is the primary cortex comprised of?

A

cortices that first analyze sensory information

79
Q

what are the primary cortexes?

A

auditory, visual, sensory

80
Q

what is the function of the primary cortex?

A

cortex that receives planned motor impulses from cortical and subcortical areas of the brain

81
Q

whats the association cortex?

A

“Makes sense” of sensory impulses initially analyzed by primary cortices

82
Q

is the association cortex 1 region of the brain?

A

no, its 4 areas

83
Q

what is the function of the association cortex?

A
  • “Makes sense” of sensory impulses initially analyzed by primary cortices
  • formulates the initial planning of a voluntary movement
  • Sends rough sequence of motor impulses down to subcortical structures for further processing and refining
84
Q

what are the functions of the basal ganglia and cerebellum?

A

link the association cortex with the primary motor cortex

85
Q

what does the basal ganglia consist of?

A

caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus palidus

86
Q

what is the function of the basal ganglia?

A

prevents unwanted movements

87
Q

what does the cerebellum do?

A

Takes rough motor impulses from the association cortex, smoothes them out, coordinates them, and sends them (via thalamus) up to primary motor cortex

88
Q

what are some of the functions of the cerebellum?

A

Regulates muscles tone, maintains balance, and coordinates skilled motor movements

89
Q

what are some examples of basal ganglia damage?

A

Parkinson’s disease – akinesia (loss of movement) and hypokinetic dysarthria
Huntington’s disease – chorea (jerky, flailing movements) and athetosis (slow, writing movements) and hyperkinetic dysarthria

90
Q

what are some examples of cerebella damage?

A

typically see weakness, tremor, impaired equilibrium, ataxia, dysmetria (overshooting), and ataxic dysarthria (chapter 7)
Ataxia – disturbance in the speed, range, and direction of movements (drunken)
Intention tremor – observed only during voluntary movements

91
Q

what does the thalamus do?

A

Doorway through which subcortical systems of nervous system communicate with cerebral cortex

  - Receives neural inputs of planned motor movements from basal ganglia and cerebellum
  - Sensory impulses from the body pass through thalamus on way to cortex
92
Q

is sensation felt through the thalamus?

A

no it’s perceived, but not felt

93
Q

what are the descending motor tracts/

A

pyramidal system

extrapyramidal system

94
Q

what is the function of the pyramidal system?

A

its the direct activation system
Carries impulses that control voluntary, fine motor movements
Works at a conscious level

95
Q

what is the function of the extrapyramidal system?

A

indirect activation system
Carries impulses that control postural support needed by fine motor movements
Works at more of an unconscious level, automatic in function

96
Q

what are upper motor neurons?

A

motor fibers within the CNS

damage to upper motor neurons often result in spasticity

97
Q

what are lower motor neurons

A

motor fibers in the cranial and spinal nerves

motor speech disorders (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions