chapter 2 Flashcards
1
Q
what does rostral mean?
A
up, toward the nose
2
Q
what does caudal mean?
A
down, toward the tail
3
Q
what does dorsal mean?
A
back
4
Q
what does ventral mean?
A
front
5
Q
how does midsaggital divide the brain?
A
divides the brain into left & right halves along the midline (i.e., along the longitudinal fissure)
6
Q
how does sagittal divide the brain?
A
divides the brain into left and right sections that are not necessarily equal
7
Q
how does coronal divide the brain?
A
divides front and back
8
Q
how does transvers(horizantal) divide the brain?
A
top and bottom
9
Q
what does flexion mean?
A
– decrease the angle of limb segments around a joint.
10
Q
what does extension mean?
A
increase angle of limb segments around a joint.
11
Q
what does adduction mean?
A
movement toward the body’s central axis.
12
Q
what does abduction mean?
A
movement away from the central axis.
13
Q
what does pronate mean?
A
rotate a limb inward (palm down). Body face down
14
Q
what does supinate mean?
A
rotate a limb outward (palm up). Body face up.
15
Q
what does acute mean?
A
evolve over minutes to hours
16
Q
what does subacute mean?
A
evolves over days to weeks
17
Q
what does chronic mean?
A
develop or continue over long term (months, years)
18
Q
how is the motor system organized?
A
cns and pns
19
Q
what consists of the cns?
A
brain and spinal cord
20
Q
what consists of the pns?
A
12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves
21
Q
what is the function of the brain?
A
initiates and regulates sensory-motor and cognitive function
22
Q
what is the spinal cord’s function?
A
primarily a transmission system for info traveling between brain & PNS
23
Q
what is the function of the cranial nerves?
A
nuclei in brainstem (and most imp for speech)
24
Q
what are the spinal nerves?
A
nuceli in spinal cord
25
what are the subdivisions of the PNS?
somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system
| afferent and efferent fibers
26
what is the function somatic nervous system?
carry sensorimotor info to and from the skeletal muscles of the “voluntary system.”
27
what is the function of the autonomic nervous system?
Controls involuntary functions, e.g. digestion, blood pressure.
28
what does motor speech mainly focus on?
somatic nervous system
29
what are afferent fibers?
sensory, carry info from periphery to more central structures
30
what is the function of efferent fibers?
carry info from central structures to periphery.
31
where does almost all activity in the nervous system originate?
the brain
32
how is the brain divided?
cerebrum, brainstem, cerebellum
33
what is the cerebrum?
largest and most prominent part of the brain
34
how is the cerebrum split?
2 hemispheres, by the longitudinal fissure
35
how is the cerebrum organized?
front lobe, temporal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe
36
what is the function of the left superior portion of the brain?
speech, lang, verbal memory, short term info
37
what is the function of the right superior portion of the brain?
pragmatic behavior, visual and spatial concepts, music, emotion
38
what is the precentral gyrus responsible for?
(primary motor cortex, motor strip); initiates movement
39
what is the post central gyrus responsible for?
primary sensory cortex, sensory strip)
40
what is the cerbral cortex?
the surface of the cerebrum, aka "gray matter"
41
what is the function of the cerbral cortex?
higher cognitive abilities; language, motor planning, problem solving, sensory perception
42
what is the frontal lobe responsible for?
motor cortex associated with high level abstract thinking
43
what is the responsibility of the premotor cortex in the frontal love?
planning and coordinating skilled movements
44
what is the function of the prefrontal cortex in the frontal love?
cognitive functioning: reasoning, abstract thinking, self-monitoring, advance planning
45
what happens if lesions occur at the angular gyrus?
alexa, agraphia, acalculia
46
what is the function of the paritel lobe?
sensory cortex for touch, temp, sensory functions other than hearing and vision
47
what is the function of the frontal love?
motor cortex associated with high-level abstract thinking
48
where is heschl's gyrus located and whats its function?
lateral fissure; primary auditory cortex
49
where is wernicke's area located and its' function?
the temporal lobe, language comp.
50
what happens if a lesion occurs on heschl's gyrus?
we retain some hearing sensitivity because each side receives projections from both ears
51
what is the occipital lobe responsible for?
visual cortex
52
what happens if damage occurs to the primary visual cortex?
blindless from contralateral eye
53
what happens if damage occurs in the secondary visualcortex?
visual agnosia
54
how is the brainstem divided?
midbrain, pons, medulla
55
what is the cranial nerve nuclei?
the point where cranial nerves attach to the brainstem
56
what is the midbrain ad it's function?
contains neural connections realted to vision, audition, and balance,
57
what is the pons and it's function?
connects cerebral hemispheres
58
what happens if damage occurs to the pons?
multitiude of sensory and motor problems because it connects the hemispheres
59
what is the medulla and its' function?
primary level of decussation of pyramidal fiber tracts
60
what happens if damage occurs above the medulla?
contra-lateral motor problems in limbs
61
what happens if damage occurs below the medulla?
ipsi-lateral motor deficits
62
what makes the brainstem important?
it acts as a passageway for descending and ascending neural tracks that travel between cerebrum and spinal cord
63
what is the cerebellum's most important function?
it coordinates voluntary movements so muscles contract with correct amount of force at appropriate times
64
what are interneurons?
they link neurons with other neurons
65
what are efferent neurons?
transmits impulses away from the CNS (usuaully motor)
66
what is the function of afferent neurons?
transmit impulses toward the CNS (usually sensory)
67
what is the function of glial cells?
provide nutrients to nerve cells, build myelin, remove dead cells, and provide connective tissue
68
hat is the function of microglia cells?
remove dead cells and other waste
69
what is the function of shcwann cells?
provide myelin sheath around axons in the PNS
70
what is the function oligodendroglia cells?
form myelin sheath around axons in the CNS
71
what is the function of astrocytes?
make connective tissue of the CNS
72
what the difference between tracts and nerves?
tracts: Bundles of axons found in the CNS
nerves: Bundles of axons found in the PNS
73
what are 2 important neurotransmitters in the motor system?
acetylcholine and dopamine
74
do CNS neurons regenerate?
no, not successfully
75
do PNS neurons regenerate?
yes
76
what type of muscles do nervous system innervate?
striated muscles
77
what is the desire to move?
taking desire and turning it into movement is often done easily but is extremely complex
78
what is the primary cortex comprised of?
cortices that first analyze sensory information
79
what are the primary cortexes?
auditory, visual, sensory
80
what is the function of the primary cortex?
cortex that receives planned motor impulses from cortical and subcortical areas of the brain
81
whats the association cortex?
“Makes sense” of sensory impulses initially analyzed by primary cortices
82
is the association cortex 1 region of the brain?
no, its 4 areas
83
what is the function of the association cortex?
- “Makes sense” of sensory impulses initially analyzed by primary cortices
- formulates the initial planning of a voluntary movement
- Sends rough sequence of motor impulses down to subcortical structures for further processing and refining
84
what are the functions of the basal ganglia and cerebellum?
link the association cortex with the primary motor cortex
85
what does the basal ganglia consist of?
caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus palidus
86
what is the function of the basal ganglia?
prevents unwanted movements
87
what does the cerebellum do?
Takes rough motor impulses from the association cortex, smoothes them out, coordinates them, and sends them (via thalamus) up to primary motor cortex
88
what are some of the functions of the cerebellum?
Regulates muscles tone, maintains balance, and coordinates skilled motor movements
89
what are some examples of basal ganglia damage?
Parkinson’s disease – akinesia (loss of movement) and hypokinetic dysarthria
Huntington’s disease – chorea (jerky, flailing movements) and athetosis (slow, writing movements) and hyperkinetic dysarthria
90
what are some examples of cerebella damage?
typically see weakness, tremor, impaired equilibrium, ataxia, dysmetria (overshooting), and ataxic dysarthria (chapter 7)
Ataxia – disturbance in the speed, range, and direction of movements (drunken)
Intention tremor – observed only during voluntary movements
91
what does the thalamus do?
Doorway through which subcortical systems of nervous system communicate with cerebral cortex
- Receives neural inputs of planned motor movements from basal ganglia and cerebellum
- Sensory impulses from the body pass through thalamus on way to cortex
92
is sensation felt through the thalamus?
no it's perceived, but not felt
93
what are the descending motor tracts/
pyramidal system
| extrapyramidal system
94
what is the function of the pyramidal system?
its the direct activation system
Carries impulses that control voluntary, fine motor movements
Works at a conscious level
95
what is the function of the extrapyramidal system?
indirect activation system
Carries impulses that control postural support needed by fine motor movements
Works at more of an unconscious level, automatic in function
96
what are upper motor neurons?
motor fibers within the CNS
| damage to upper motor neurons often result in spasticity
97
what are lower motor neurons
motor fibers in the cranial and spinal nerves
