Chapter 2

Question 1

how many electrons can an orbital contain at a time

Answer 1

2

Question 2

cation

Answer 2

more protons than electrons = net positive charge

Question 3

anion

Answer 3

fewer protons than electrons = net negative charge

Question 4

electrons

Answer 4

negatively charged particles located in orbitals

Question 5

isotopes

Answer 5

atoms of single element that possess different # of neutrons

Question 6

radioactive isotopes are

Answer 6

unstable and emit radiation as nucleus breaks up

Question 7

electrons have __ __ related to their position

Answer 7

potential energy

Question 8

oxidation

Answer 8

loss of electron; breaks stuff down

Question 9

reduction

Answer 9

gain of an electron; reduces charge and makes it more electronegative

Question 10

valence electrons

Answer 10

of electrons in outermost level

Question 11

inert (nonreactive) elements have

Answer 11

all 8 electrons

Question 12

ionic bond

Answer 12

formed by attraction of oppositely charged ions

Question 13

what forms an ion

Answer 13

gain or loss of electrons

Question 14

carbohydrates empirical formula

Answer 14

(CH2O)n

Question 15

molecules with a 1:2:1 ratio of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

Answer 15

carbohydrates

Question 16

what is the simplest carbohydrate

Answer 16

monosaccharides

Question 17

glucose formula

Answer 17

C6H12O6

Question 18

what is a structural isomer

Answer 18

same empirical formula, different look

Question 19

which sugar is a structural isomer of glucose

Answer 19

fructose

Question 20

which sugar is a stereoisomer of glucose

Answer 20

galactose; it is the mirror image of glucose

Question 21

disaccharides

Answer 21

2 monosaccharides linked together by dehydration synthesis (taking away water); used for sugar transport or energy storage

Question 22

polysaccharides

Answer 22

long chains of monosaccharides; linked through dehydration synthesis

Question 23

all enzymes end in

Answer 23

-ase

Question 24

all enzymes are proteins except

Answer 24

ribozymes

Question 25

sugar in DNA, RNA

Answer 25

deoxyribose; ribose

Question 26

what is a double helix

Answer 26

2 polynucleotide strands connected by hydrogen bonds

Question 27

base-pairing roles

Answer 27

A with T (or U in RNA) | C with G

Question 28

oxidize

Answer 28

lesser state (lose electrons)

Question 29

protein functions

Answer 29

1. enzyme catalyst 2. defense 3. transport 4. support 5. motion 6. regulation 7. storage

Question 30

why are proteins polymers

Answer 30

1 or more long, unbranched chains & each chain is a polypeptide

Question 31

amino acids are

Answer 31

monomers

Question 32

structure of amino acid

Answer 32

- central carbon atom - amino group - carboxyl group - single hydrogen - variable R group

Question 33

amino acids are joined by

Answer 33

dehydration synthesis, peptide bond

Question 34

the ___ of a protein determines its function

Answer 34

shape

Question 35

primary structure

Answer 35

sequence amino acids (DNA, RNA)

Question 36

secondary structure

Answer 36

interaction of groups in the peptide bond

Question 37

β sheet

Answer 37

Beta pleat

Question 38

α helix

Answer 38

alpha helix

Question 39

tertiary structure

Answer 39

final folded shape of a globular protein

Question 40

what is the tertiary structure stabilized by

Answer 40

of forces

Question 41

what is the final level of structure for proteins consisting of only a single polypeptide chain

Answer 41

tertiary structure

Question 42

what is the most important part of any protein

Answer 42

folding`

Question 43

what proteins help protein fold correctly

Answer 43

chaperone

Question 44

domains

Answer 44

functional units w/ a larger structure

Question 45

motifs

Answer 45

common elements of secondary structure seen in many polypeptides

Question 46

what environmental conditions cause a protein to lose structure and function

Answer 46

-ph -temperature -ionic concentration of solution these will dissolve proteins

Question 47

lipids

Answer 47

loosely defined group of molecules w/ one main chemical characteristic

Question 48

lipids are __ in water

Answer 48

insoluble

Question 48

lipids are __ in water

Answer 48

insoluble

Question 49

what is the source of saturated fat (solid at room temperature)

Answer 49

animals

Question 50

what is the source of unsaturated fats (liquid at room temperature)

Answer 50

plants

Question 51

water is a solvent so ____

Answer 51

it dissolves polar molecules and ions

Question 52

hydrophilic

Answer 52

"water-loving"`

Question 53

hydrophobic

Answer 53

"water-fearing"

Question 54

acid

Answer 54

any substance that dissociates in water to increase the [H+] (and lower the ph)

Question 55

base

Answer 55

substance that combines with H+ dissolved in water, and thus lowers the [H+] (increase ph)

Question 56

buffer (half acid, half base)

Answer 56

substance that resists changes in ph

Question 57

buffers act by

Answer 57

- releasing hydrogen ions when a base is added | - absorbing hydrogen ions when acid is added

Question 58

carbon can form up to

Answer 58

4 covalent bonds

Question 59

isomers

Answer 59

molecules with the same molecular or empirical formula

Question 60

polymer

Answer 60

built by linking monomers

Question 61

monomer

Answer 61

small, similar, chemical subunits

Question 62

water has a high

Answer 62

specific heat (large amount of energy)

Question 63

water has high heat of

Answer 63

vaporization (evaporation)

Question 64

___ water is less dense than ___ water

Answer 64

solid, liquid