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Biology 111 > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

how many electrons can an orbital contain at a time

A

2

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2
Q

cation

A

more protons than electrons = net positive charge

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3
Q

anion

A

fewer protons than electrons = net negative charge

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4
Q

electrons

A

negatively charged particles located in orbitals

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5
Q

isotopes

A

atoms of single element that possess different # of neutrons

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6
Q

radioactive isotopes are

A

unstable and emit radiation as nucleus breaks up

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7
Q

electrons have __ __ related to their position

A

potential energy

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8
Q

oxidation

A

loss of electron; breaks stuff down

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9
Q

reduction

A

gain of an electron; reduces charge and makes it more electronegative

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10
Q

valence electrons

A

of electrons in outermost level

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11
Q

inert (nonreactive) elements have

A

all 8 electrons

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12
Q

ionic bond

A

formed by attraction of oppositely charged ions

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13
Q

what forms an ion

A

gain or loss of electrons

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14
Q

carbohydrates empirical formula

A

(CH2O)n

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15
Q

molecules with a 1:2:1 ratio of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

A

carbohydrates

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16
Q

what is the simplest carbohydrate

A

monosaccharides

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17
Q

glucose formula

A

C6H12O6

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18
Q

what is a structural isomer

A

same empirical formula, different look

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19
Q

which sugar is a structural isomer of glucose

A

fructose

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20
Q

which sugar is a stereoisomer of glucose

A

galactose; it is the mirror image of glucose

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21
Q

disaccharides

A

2 monosaccharides linked together by dehydration synthesis (taking away water); used for sugar transport or energy storage

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22
Q

polysaccharides

A

long chains of monosaccharides; linked through dehydration synthesis

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23
Q

all enzymes end in

A

-ase

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24
Q

all enzymes are proteins except

A

ribozymes

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25
Q

sugar in DNA, RNA

A

deoxyribose; ribose

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26
Q

what is a double helix

A

2 polynucleotide strands connected by hydrogen bonds

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27
Q

base-pairing roles

A

A with T (or U in RNA)

C with G

28
Q

oxidize

A

lesser state (lose electrons)

29
Q

protein functions

A
  1. enzyme catalyst
  2. defense
  3. transport
  4. support
  5. motion
  6. regulation
  7. storage
30
Q

why are proteins polymers

A

1 or more long, unbranched chains & each chain is a polypeptide

31
Q

amino acids are

A

monomers

32
Q

structure of amino acid

A
  • central carbon atom
  • amino group
  • carboxyl group
  • single hydrogen
  • variable R group
33
Q

amino acids are joined by

A

dehydration synthesis, peptide bond

34
Q

the ___ of a protein determines its function

A

shape

35
Q

primary structure

A

sequence amino acids (DNA, RNA)

36
Q

secondary structure

A

interaction of groups in the peptide bond

37
Q

β sheet

A

Beta pleat

38
Q

α helix

A

alpha helix

39
Q

tertiary structure

A

final folded shape of a globular protein

40
Q

what is the tertiary structure stabilized by

A

of forces

41
Q

what is the final level of structure for proteins consisting of only a single polypeptide chain

A

tertiary structure

42
Q

what is the most important part of any protein

A

folding`

43
Q

what proteins help protein fold correctly

A

chaperone

44
Q

domains

A

functional units w/ a larger structure

45
Q

motifs

A

common elements of secondary structure seen in many polypeptides

46
Q

what environmental conditions cause a protein to lose structure and function

A

-ph
-temperature
-ionic concentration of solution
these will dissolve proteins

47
Q

lipids

A

loosely defined group of molecules w/ one main chemical characteristic

48
Q

lipids are __ in water

A

insoluble

48
Q

lipids are __ in water

A

insoluble

49
Q

what is the source of saturated fat (solid at room temperature)

A

animals

50
Q

what is the source of unsaturated fats (liquid at room temperature)

A

plants

51
Q

water is a solvent so ____

A

it dissolves polar molecules and ions

52
Q

hydrophilic

A

“water-loving”`

53
Q

hydrophobic

A

“water-fearing”

54
Q

acid

A

any substance that dissociates in water to increase the [H+] (and lower the ph)

55
Q

base

A

substance that combines with H+ dissolved in water, and thus lowers the [H+] (increase ph)

56
Q

buffer (half acid, half base)

A

substance that resists changes in ph

57
Q

buffers act by

A
  • releasing hydrogen ions when a base is added

- absorbing hydrogen ions when acid is added

58
Q

carbon can form up to

A

4 covalent bonds

59
Q

isomers

A

molecules with the same molecular or empirical formula

60
Q

polymer

A

built by linking monomers

61
Q

monomer

A

small, similar, chemical subunits

62
Q

water has a high

A

specific heat (large amount of energy)

63
Q

water has high heat of

A

vaporization (evaporation)

64
Q

___ water is less dense than ___ water

A

solid, liquid

Biology 111 (3 decks)

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