Chapter 1

Question 1

7 characteristics of all living organisms

Answer 1

1. Composed of cells
2. Complex and ordered
3. Respond to their environment
4. Can grow, develop, and reproduce
5. Obtain and use energy
6. Maintain internal balance
7. Allow for evolutionary adaptation

Question 2

how many variables at a time must an experiment be designed to test

Answer 2

one

variable at a time

Question 3

inductive reasoning

Answer 3

uses specific observations to develop general conclusions

Question 4

deductive reasoning

Answer 4

uses general principles to make specific predictions

Question 5

how are hypotheses changed and refined

Answer 5

Hypotheses can be changed and refined with new data

Question 6

what is the scientific method

Answer 6

– Observation
– Hypothesis formation
– Prediction
– Experimentation
– Conclusion

Question 7

where do bacteria thrive

Answer 7

water, warmth, and darkness

Question 8

living systems show what organization

Answer 8

hierarchical

Question 9

what does the cellular level consist of

Answer 9

atoms, molecules, organelles, cells

Question 10

what is the basic unit of life

Answer 10

cell

Question 11

what does the organismal level consist of

Answer 11

tissues, organs, organ systems

Question 12

what are macromolecules

Answer 12

1. proteins (amino acids) are the building blocks of life
2. carbohydrates (sugar or glucose)
3. lipids
4. nucleic acids (DNA, RNA)

Question 13

population level

Answer 13

population, community

Question 14

earth

Answer 14

earth is an ecosystem we call the biosphere

Question 15

each level of the hierarchical organization has emergent properties

Answer 15

They:
– Result from interaction of components
– Cannot be deduced by looking at parts 
themselves
– “Life” is an emergent property

Question 16

what reactions make up our body

Answer 16

chemical ie. dopamine, cortisol, melatonin

Question 17

physics

Answer 17

the study of natural science (laws of motion, gravity)

Question 18

what determines what humans can and can’t do

Answer 18

the laws of physics

Question 19

how is science becoming more interdisciplinary

Answer 19

by combining multiple fields, such as environmental law (those are two different fields)

Question 20

how we get energy

Answer 20

to chew is mastication; to swallow is mastification

Question 21

with a prediction, a hypothesis

Answer 21

must be rejected if the experiment
produces results inconsistent with the
predictions

Question 22

Reductionism

Answer 22

To break a complex process down to its simpler

parts

Question 23

Systems biology

Answer 23

Focus on emergent properties that can’t be

understood by looking at simpler parts

Question 24

Systems biology

Answer 24

Focus on emergent properties that can’t be

understood by looking at simpler parts

Question 25

Models in science

Answer 25

– Way to organize thought – Parts provided by reductionist approach – Model shows how they fit together – Suggest experiments to test the model

Question 26

Scientific theory

Answer 26

– Is a body of interconnected concepts – Is supported by much experimental evidence and scientific reasoning – Expresses ideas of which we are most certain

Question 27

charles darwin was a

Answer 27

naturalist

Question 28

who did darwin study

Answer 28

thomas malthus

Question 29

charles darwin's work

Answer 29

30 years of observation and study before publishing On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection

Question 30

plants and animals increase ______; humans increase ______

Answer 30

geometrically, arithmetically

Question 31

homologous

Answer 31

same evolutionary origin, different in structure & function

Question 32

analogous

Answer 32

structures of different origins used for the same purpose (butterfly & bird wings)

Question 33

molecular (Genetic/DNA) evidence

Answer 33

compares genomes/proteins of different organisms

Question 34

what is cell theory

Answer 34

– All organisms composed of cells – Cells are life’s basic units – All cells come from preexisting cells

Question 35

gene

Answer 35

discrete unit of information

Question 36

genome

Answer 36

entire set of DNA instructions

Question 37

zygote

Answer 37

sperm fertilize the egg

Question 38

what are the 3 domains

Answer 38

Bacteria – single-celled prokaryote Archaea – single-celled prokaryote Eukarya – single-celled or multicellular eukaryote

Question 39

what are eukarya

Answer 39

protista fungi plantae animalae

Question 40

6 kingdoms

Answer 40

1. archaea 2. bacteria 3. protista 4. fungi 5. plantae 6. animalae 7. (in the 90s, monaea)

Question 41

species

Answer 41

a group whose members can only reproduce with other members of the group

Question 42

prokaryotic cells

Answer 42

- two groups of single-celled microorganisms - lacks nucleus - generally smaller

Question 43

eukaryotic cells

Answer 43

- all other forms of life..plants, animals, etc. | - contains nucleus

Question 44

dna

Answer 44

transcription has the information

Question 45

rna

Answer 45

translation decodes the information and makes instructions which translates to proteins

Question 46

Nonequilibrium state

Answer 46

– Living systems are open systems – Constant supply of energy needed – Self-organizing properties at different levels – Emergent properties from collections of molecules, cells, and individuals

Question 47

feedback regulation

Answer 47

the output or product of a process regulates that very process

Question 48

negative feedback

Answer 48

the most common form of regulation and is a loop in which the response reduces the initial stimulus

Question 49

positive feedback

Answer 49

when an end product speeds up its own production

Question 50

cells process

Answer 50

environmental info (glucose levels, presence of hormones)