Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biotech > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

DNA

A

Master Copy of an organism’s genetic information, which is passed from one generation to the next

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Prokaryotic Cells

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Eukaryotic Cells

A

Cells that contain a nucleus, including plant and animal cells, protists, and fungi.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Eukaryotic Cells Structure

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Plasma (cell) membrane

A

A double-layered structure, consisting of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates, that defines the boundaries of a cell; performs important roles in cell shape and regulating transport of molecules in and out of a cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Nucleus

A

Membrane-enclosed organelle that contains the DNA of a eukaryotic cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Mitochondria

A

functions as the powerhouse of the cell because it produces the energy the cell needs to perform it’s duties. The energy currency of the cell is ATP.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Ribosomes

A

Organelle composed of ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) and proteins assembled into packages called subunits. Ribosomes bind to mRNA and tRNA molecules and are the site of protein synthesis in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Golgi

A

functions as the post office in the cell and packages and modifies the proteins.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

lysosome

A

is the trash man of the cell because it digests excess or worn out organelles and proteins.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Cell Wall

A

A membrane of the cell that forms external to the cell membrane whose main role is to give cells rigidity, strength and protection against mechanical stress. It is found in cells of plants, bacteria, archaea, fungi, and algae.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Vacuole

A

A vacuole is a membrane-bound sac that plays roles in intracellular digestion and the release of cellular waste products

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Chloroplast

A

structure within a green plant cell in which photosynthesis occurs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Nucleus -> Chromosomes-> Genes-> Nucleotides

A

s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Nucleotide

A

Building block of nucleic acids; consists of a five-carbon (pentose) sugar molecule (ribose or deoxyribose), a phosphate group, and the bases adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), thymine (T), or uracil (U).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Genes

A

A specific sequence of DNA nucleotides that serves as a unit of inheritance. Genes govern visible and invisible characteristics (traits) of living organisms in large part by directing the synthesis of proteins in a cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

transcription

A

The synthesis of RNA from DNA, which occurs in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells and the cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

transcription factors

A

DNA-binding proteins that bind promoter regions of a gene and stimulate transcription of a gene by RNA polymerase.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

TATA box

A

Short nucleotide sequence (TATA) usually located approximately 20 to 30 base pairs “upstream” (in the 5′ direction) of the start site of many eukaryotic genes; part of promoter sequence bound by transcription factors used to stimulate RNA polymerase.

21
Q

transcriptional regulation

A

Form of gene-expression regulation that involves controlling the process of transcription by controlling the amount of RNA produced by a cell

22
Q

transfer RNA (tRNA)

A

Small RNA molecules that transport amino acids to a ribosome during protein synthesis. tRNA binds to specific codons in mRNA sequences during translation.

23
Q

translation

A
24
Q

triploid

A

Three sets of chromosomes (3n); used to describe organisms with three sets of chromosomes.

25
Q

Nucleotide

A
  • Deoxyribose Sugar
  • Phosphate
  • Nitrogen Base
26
Q

Purines

A

double ring

A & G

27
Q

Pyrimidines

A

Single Ring

C & T

28
Q

DNA Replication

A

When DNA makes an exact copy of itself

29
Q

DNA Replication First Step

A

the enzymes, helicase and gyrase, unzip the double stranded DNA molucule.

30
Q

DNA Replication Second Step

A

Proteins hold the two strands apart while RNA polymerase (primase) lays down an RNA primer on each strand of DNA

31
Q

DNA Replication Third Step

A

DNA polymerase extends the primer by adding complementary nucleotides (both DNA Pol III and Pol I)

Dna polymerase can only extend in the 5’-3’ direction

32
Q

DNA Replication Fourth Step

A

Leading strand follows helicase

Lagging strand must wait for replication fork to open threfore forms discontinous Okazaki fragments

Ligase seal the niks between Okazaki fragments

33
Q

leading strand

A

During DNA replication, the strand of newly synthesized DNA that is copied by DNA polymerase in a continuous fashion, 5′ to 3′ into the replication fork.

34
Q

lagging strand

A
35
Q

RNA Structure

A

mRNA

rRNA

tRNA

36
Q

mRNA

A

RNA copy of DNA that carries genetic information from the nucleus to the ribosomes

37
Q

rRNA

A

makes up the ribosmes

38
Q

tRNA

A

carries amino acids to ribosomes for protein synthesis

39
Q

Transcription

A
  1. RNA polymerase binds to a promoter region one double stranded DNA and unzips the double helix
  2. Free RNA nucleotides pair with the complementary DNA of the template strand
  3. RNA is processed: introns are spliced out, 7 methyl guanosine cap added to the front and Poly-A tail added to the end
  4. mRNA leaves the nucleus and travels to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm (where proteins are made)
40
Q

Codon

A
  • composed of 3 RNA nucleotides
  • one codon codes for an amino acids
41
Q

Amino Acids

A

Building blocks of protein structure; combinations of 20 different amino acids can join together by covalent bonds in varying order and length to make a polypeptide.

42
Q

Protein

A

does the work in a cell

43
Q

RNA Structure

A
  • Uracil instead of Thymine
  • Ribose sugar instead of deoxyribose sugar
  • single stranded
  • can leave nucleus
44
Q

Exons

A

Protein-coding sequences in eukaryotic genes and mRNA molecules.

Introns are between exons, so they have to be cut out so exons can join each other

45
Q

Translation- making protein from mRNA

A
  1. mRNA attaches to the small subunit of a ribosome
  2. tRNA anticodon pairs with mRNA start codon
  3. Large ribosomal subunit binds and translation is initiated
  4. always begins at a start codon and ends at a stop codon (area in between called the Open Reading Frame ORF)
  5. Translation Elongation- (to elongate amino acid chain) Anticodon of tRNA carrying next amino acid binds to codon on mRNA. A peptide bond joins the amino acids and the first tRNA is relead
  6. Amino acid chain contnues until a stop codon is read and then the chain is released
46
Q

DNA-> Replication-> Transcription -> RNA -> Translation -> Protein

A

process

47
Q

Nucleosome

A

A structural unit of a eukaryotic chromosome, consisting of a length of DNA coiled around a core of histones.

48
Q
A

Biotech (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions