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Audio and sound reinforcement > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is frequency response?

A

The relationship between the device’s input and output with regard to signal frequency and amplitude.

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2
Q

What is a frequency response plot?

A

It shows us the range of frequencies that the black

box will pass from input to output, and what fluctuations in output level (if any) occur within that range.

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3
Q

What is the proper term for signal generating devices (oscillators, musical instruments, and so on)?

A

frequency range

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4
Q

FREQUENCY RESPONSE:
30 Hz to 18 kHz, ±3 dB
what does the “ ±3 dB “ represent?

A

the tolerance of the specification

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5
Q

What is another name for frequency response?

A

magnitude response

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6
Q

What is a normalized plot?

A

If the input to a device under test is not constant in level at all frequencies, a correction may be made to the output plot (or the input level can be intentionally varied to make it constant).

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7
Q

What is the octave?

A

a special musical interval between two tones, formed

when the ratio between the frequencies of the tones is 2:1

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8
Q

_____ ____ is a randomly generated signal that excites all the audio frequencies with equal energy
per octave.

A

Pink noise

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9
Q

The audio elements that exhibit the flattest

frequency response characteristics are _____ _____ and _____

A

electronic circuits and cables

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10
Q

What is the tolerance of the specification?

A

tells us the maximum deviation in output level that we can expect over the stated range if the input level
remains the same at all frequencies.

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11
Q

What sounds is compared to waterfalls?

A

Pink noise

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12
Q

How does a constant input level affect the frequency response plot?

A

it gives us an indication of the fidelity with which the device transfers a signal from input to output

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13
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Without a stated tolerance, the frequency response specification is useless

A

True

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14
Q

Describe a practical audio system

A

a network of many different types of devices through which the signal must pass on its way to the listeners’ ears.

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15
Q

Describe the typical make up of a audio cable

A

The typical audio cable consists of one or two signal conductors surrounded by insulation and a shielding
conductor

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16
Q

What is another name for the low-frequency roIloff?

A

subsonic filter pole

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17
Q

What is a presence peak?

A

A broad peak in response of 3 to 6 dB, centered in the

region between about 2 kHz and 5 kHz

18
Q

What exhibits a peak of 8 kHz to 10 kHz and gives off a brittle or bright quality of the sound?

A

Condenser type microphones

19
Q

What is another name for high frequency rolloff?

A

TIM (transient intermodulation distortion) filter

20
Q

What are Ribbon type microphones?

A

exhibit both a presence peak and a slight low-frequency rise, usually around 200 Hz

21
Q

What is harmonics?

A

When a musical note with a complex waveform has a distinct pitch (as opposed to noise), that waveform can
ultimately be created by combining a set of precisely related sine waves.

22
Q

What is the effect of a presence peak?

A

Adding a bit of crispness to the spoken voice and can . ‘ Increase the intelligibility of words.

23
Q

What is the effect of low-frequency roIloff?

A

reject ultra-low frequencies that could damage loudspeakers and/or modulate the audio to produce undesirable distortion

24
Q

What is the effect of high frequency rolloff?

A

This intentional limiting of high-frequency

response serves to minimize TIM, and also helps to reject supersonic frequencies that can damage tweeters.

25
Q

What is the effect of Ribbon type microphones?

A

This lends to them a warm sound quality, making them

popular choices for both voice and certain instruments

26
Q

The less ____1___ there is in ____2____ across

the stated frequency band, the more ___3____ the signal at the output will reflect the signal at the input

A
  1. deviation
  2. output level
  3. faithfully
27
Q

the frequency response plot assumes a constant _____ _____ to the device under test

A

input level

28
Q

What is a common definition of frequency response?

A

the usable range of signal frequencies which the device will pass from input to output.

29
Q

The ideal ______ produces the same output level at all frequencies

A

oscillator

30
Q

What is the common frequency response issues caused by cables?

A

Are generally due to capacitance between the signal conductor and shield in the cable, and capacitance between the conductors themselves

31
Q

As the frequency multiplier___1___, the amplitude (or strength) of the harmonic usually ___2____

A

1 increases

2 decreases

32
Q

How does room resonances system’s response indoors?

A

cause dips or, more commonly, peaks in the response.

33
Q

True or False

The frequency response of any sound system is NOT affected by the environment in which it works

A

False

The environment does affect the frequency response of any sound system

34
Q

What are the main factors affecting a system’s response outdoors?

A

wind, temperature, and air absorption.

35
Q

The degree to which the air absorbs high frequency energy is affected by the __________.

A

relative humidity

36
Q

What are the predominant factors affecting a system’s response indoors?

A

reflections from wall, ceiling and floor surfaces, and room resonances

37
Q

How does wind affect a system’s response?

A

Wind tends to deflect sound very slightly as it travels, and gusty wind can appear to modulate the sound.

38
Q

Describe the effect of temperature on a system’s response

A

Temperature gradients can also deflect sound, and

to an even greater degree than wind gradients.

39
Q

How does reflection affect a system’s response indoor?

A

Reflections not only cause reverberation effects, but also can cause cancellations at specific frequencies which show up as dips in the system response.

40
Q

__________________ are used to send signals over long cables

A

Special line driver amplifiers

41
Q

True or False

Air absorption affects mainly high frequencies.

A

True

42
Q

How does air absorption affect the system’s response outdoor?

A

As sound travels through air, the energy of the highs is lost more quickly than that of the lows.

Audio and sound reinforcement (5 decks)

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