Chapter 1A- Applied Anatomy And Physiology Flashcards
What is the primary function of the skeleton?
The skeleton provides support and shape to the body
It serves as a rigid bone frame for the rest of the body.
What role does the skeleton play in blood cell production?
Some bones contain bone marrow, which makes red and white blood cells
Red blood cells are crucial for transporting oxygen needed for muscle movement.
What minerals are stored in bones, and why are they important?
Bones store minerals like calcium and phosphorus
These minerals help with bone strength and are necessary for muscle contraction.
What are the three main types of bone in the skeleton?
The three main types of bone are:
* Long Bones
* Short Bones
* Flat Bones
Each type is suited to different functions.
What is the function of long bones?
Long bones are used for larger gross movements
An example is the humerus in the arm.
What is the purpose of short bones?
Short bones are used for smaller fine movements and are also weight-bearing
An example is the talus in the foot.
What is the function of flat bones?
Flat bones protect internal organs and allow muscle attachment
An example is the ribs.
What does the skeleton’s support function aid in during sports?
It aids in good posture
Good posture is essential for performance in sports like gymnastics.
What are joints?
Joints are any points where two or more bones meet.
What are the articulating bones of the hip joint?
Pelvis and femur.
What are the articulating bones of the shoulder joint?
Humerus and scapula.
What are the articulating bones of the knee joint?
Femur and tibia.
What are the articulating bones of the ankle joint?
Tibia, fibula, and talus.
What are the articulating bones of the elbow joint?
Humerus, radius, and ulna.
List the eight joint movements.
- Flexion
- Extension
- Adduction
- Abduction
- Rotation
- Circumduction
- Plantar Flexion
- Dorsiflexion
What is flexion?
Closing a joint, e.g., the elbow in preparation for a basketball throw.
What is extension?
Opening a joint, e.g., kicking a football.
What is adduction?
Moving towards an imaginary centre line, e.g., swinging a golf club.
What is abduction?
Moving away from an imaginary centre line, e.g., taking back a tennis racket before swinging it.
What is rotation?
Clockwise or anticlockwise movement of a limb, e.g., the shoulder movement during a top spin forehand in tennis.
What is circumduction?
Movement of a limb, hand, or foot in a circular motion, e.g., bowling a cricket ball overarm.
What is plantar flexion?
Extension at the ankle, e.g., pointing the toes during gymnastics.
What is dorsiflexion?
Flexion at the ankle, e.g., lifting the toes during gymnastics.
What are the two types of joints that need to be known?
- Ball and socket
- Hinge
True or False: Plantar flexion and dorsiflexion are the terms for extension and flexion at the ankle.
True
What are the three types of connective tissue in the skeletal system?
- Ligaments
- Tendons
- Cartilage
These tissues play crucial roles in connecting and supporting bones and muscles.
What is the function of ligaments?
Hold bones together to restrict joint movement and maintain stability
Ligaments are made of tough and fibrous tissue, helping to prevent dislocation.
What do tendons do?
Attach muscles to bones (or other muscles) to facilitate movement
Tendons allow bones to move when muscles contract.
What is the role of cartilage in joints?
Acts as a cushion between bones, absorbing shock and preventing friction
Cartilage aids in the stability of a joint.
Define a synovial joint.
A joint that allows a wide range of movement and has a joint capsule supporting it
Examples include ball and socket joints and hinge joints.
What is the function of synovial fluid?
Lubricates the joint, allowing for easier movement
It is released by the synovial membrane into the joint capsule.
What are bursae in relation to synovial joints?
Sacs of fluid that reduce friction between bones and tissues in the joint
One bursa is referred to as a ‘bursa’.
What movements are involved in performing a push-up?
- Flexion at the elbow
- Extension at the elbow
These movements occur sequentially during the exercise.
List the movement types involved in running.
- Flexion and extension at the knee
- Plantar flexion and dorsiflexion at the ankle
These movements are essential for effective running.
What is circumduction of the shoulder?
A circular motion of the arm at the shoulder joint
This movement is often observed in activities like bowling.
What are the two main types of muscle contraction?
Isometric and isotonic
What is an isometric contraction?
The muscle stays the same length, and nothing moves
What is an isotonic contraction?
The muscle changes length and something moves
What happens during concentric contraction?
A muscle contracts and shortens
What is an example of concentric contraction?
During the upward phase of a biceps curl
What happens during eccentric contraction?
A muscle contracts and lengthens
What is an example of eccentric contraction?
During the downward phase of a biceps curl
What is the primary job of the cardiovascular system?
To move blood around your body
The cardiovascular system supports physical activity and sport by transporting essential substances.
Name three substances transported by the cardiovascular system.
- Oxygen
- Carbon dioxide
- Nutrients (e.g. glucose)
These substances are vital for energy release and waste removal during exercise.
How does the cardiovascular system help during exercise?
By moving more blood nearer to the skin to cool the body
This helps prevent overheating during prolonged physical activity.
What are the three main parts of the cardiovascular system?
- The heart
- Blood
- Blood vessels
Blood vessels include arteries, veins, and capillaries.
What is the role of the heart in the cardiovascular system?
To circulate blood to deliver oxygen and glucose to muscles and remove carbon dioxide
This circulation is essential during physical activity.
What type of blood enters the right atrium?
Deoxygenated blood
This blood comes from the vena cava as the heart relaxes.
Describe the sequence of blood flow starting from the right atrium.
- Right atrium contracts
- Blood moves to right ventricle
- Right ventricle contracts
- Blood is pushed to pulmonary artery
- Blood travels to lungs for oxygenation
The exchange of gases occurs in the lungs.
What happens to oxygenated blood after it enters the left atrium?
It moves to the left ventricle and is then pumped into the aorta
The aorta distributes oxygenated blood to the body.
What are the chambers of the heart called?
Atria (plural of atrium) and ventricles
The heart has four chambers: an atrium and ventricle on each side.
What is diastole?
The phase when the heart relaxes and fills with blood
Systole is the phase when the heart contracts and pumps blood out.
True or False: The heart chambers relax and contract at different times.
False
Both sides of the heart relax and contract simultaneously.
What is the process called when the body uses oxygen to release energy from glucose?
Aerobic respiration
The equation for aerobic respiration is: Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy.
What is aerobic exercise?
Exercise in the presence of or using oxygen
It occurs when the body can keep up with the oxygen demand of its cells.
What happens to carbon dioxide and water produced during aerobic respiration?
Carbon dioxide is breathed out and water is lost as sweat, urine, or in the air breathed out
These are byproducts of aerobic respiration.
How do marathon runners primarily get their energy?
Through aerobic respiration
This is the most efficient way to produce energy for long-duration exercises.
What is anaerobic exercise?
Exercise in the absence of enough oxygen, or without oxygen
This occurs when the body cannot supply all the oxygen needed during vigorous exercise.
What byproduct is produced during anaerobic respiration?
Lactic acid
This occurs because anaerobic respiration does not use oxygen.
What type of exercise is anaerobic respiration associated with?
Short duration, high intensity exercise
The heart and lungs cannot supply blood and oxygen to muscles quickly enough during this type of exercise.
What fuels does the body primarily use during aerobic exercise?
Carbohydrates and fats
Carbohydrates are the body’s main source of fuel, while fats provide more energy at lower intensities.
Fill in the blank: Fats are primarily used as fuel for _______ exercise.
aerobic
Fats provide more energy than carbohydrates but are used at lower intensities.
What is the main source of fuel for high intensity anaerobic exercise?
Carbohydrates
They are used because fats cannot be utilized for high intensity workouts.
What can athletes do to improve their aerobic or anaerobic capacity?
Adapt their training intensity
Training can be tailored to enhance performance in either aerobic or anaerobic exercise.
What are the short-term effects of exercise on the muscular system?
Effects include:
* Extra energy release for movement
* Heat generation
* Lactic acid production
* Muscle pain and fatigue from lactic acid build-up
* Oxygen debt (EPOC)
* Need for rest or low-intensity periods
What is lactic acid and how does it affect the muscles during exercise?
Lactic acid is produced during anaerobic exercise, leading to:
* Lactate accumulation
* Muscle pain
* Muscle fatigue
What is oxygen debt in the context of exercise?
Oxygen debt, or ‘EPOC’, is the amount of oxygen needed to remove lactic acid and recover after exercise
What are some aftereffects of a strenuous workout?
Aftereffects can include:
* Tiredness
* Nausea
* Light-headedness
* Delayed onset of muscle soreness (DOMS)
* Muscle cramps
What role do the pectorals and sternocleidomastoid muscles play during exercise?
They expand the lungs to allow more air intake during exercise
How does exercise affect the depth and rate of breathing?
Exercise increases:
* Depth of breathing (tidal volume)
* Rate of breathing (breaths per minute)
What is the significance of increased breathing during exercise?
Increased breathing helps to:
* Meet oxygen demand in muscles
* Exhale extra carbon dioxide produced during aerobic respiration
What happens to breathing rate and depth after anaerobic exercise?
Breathing rate and depth remain elevated until sufficient oxygen is taken in to ‘pay off’ oxygen debt
Fill in the blank: The cool-down can help prevent _______.
delayed onset of muscle soreness (DOMS)
What is the average resting heart rate for an adult?
60-100 bpm
What is stroke volume?
The amount of blood each ventricle pumps with each contraction
What happens to heart rate and stroke volume during exercise?
Both increase
What is cardiac output?
The volume of blood pumped by a ventricle per minute
How is cardiac output calculated?
Cardiac output (Q) = heart rate x stroke volume
What happens to blood pressure during exercise?
It increases
What do increased cardiac output and blood pressure provide to muscles?
Increased blood and oxygen supply
What does the body do with carbon dioxide produced in muscles during exercise?
It is transported to the lungs to be exhaled
What is oxygen debt?
The amount of oxygen required to restore the body to its resting state after exercise
What changes occur in blood vessels during exercise?
Blood is redistributed to increase oxygen supply to muscles
What happens to arteries during exercise?
They widen to manage blood pressure and increase blood supply
What happens to blood supply to organs like the gut and liver during intense exercise?
Blood is redirected to the muscles
What is vasodilation?
The widening of arterioles serving muscles to allow more blood flow
What role does the skin play during exercise?
Helps dissipate heat through radiation
What happens to blood redistribution during light versus intense exercise?
Less blood is moved towards muscles during light exercise compared to intense exercise
Fill in the blank: During exercise, your heart rate, stroke volume, and cardiac output will remain higher than normal until any _______ is paid off.
Oxygen debt
What physiological change occurs as muscles work during exercise?
They generate heat
What happens to the blood that is warmed by working muscles?
It moves closer to the skin to help dissipate heat
