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PE > Chapter 1A- Applied Anatomy And Physiology > Flashcards

Chapter 1A- Applied Anatomy And Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the primary function of the skeleton?

A

The skeleton provides support and shape to the body

It serves as a rigid bone frame for the rest of the body.

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2
Q

What role does the skeleton play in blood cell production?

A

Some bones contain bone marrow, which makes red and white blood cells

Red blood cells are crucial for transporting oxygen needed for muscle movement.

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3
Q

What minerals are stored in bones, and why are they important?

A

Bones store minerals like calcium and phosphorus

These minerals help with bone strength and are necessary for muscle contraction.

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4
Q

What are the three main types of bone in the skeleton?

A

The three main types of bone are:
* Long Bones
* Short Bones
* Flat Bones

Each type is suited to different functions.

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5
Q

What is the function of long bones?

A

Long bones are used for larger gross movements

An example is the humerus in the arm.

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6
Q

What is the purpose of short bones?

A

Short bones are used for smaller fine movements and are also weight-bearing

An example is the talus in the foot.

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7
Q

What is the function of flat bones?

A

Flat bones protect internal organs and allow muscle attachment

An example is the ribs.

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8
Q

What does the skeleton’s support function aid in during sports?

A

It aids in good posture

Good posture is essential for performance in sports like gymnastics.

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9
Q

What are joints?

A

Joints are any points where two or more bones meet.

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10
Q

What are the articulating bones of the hip joint?

A

Pelvis and femur.

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11
Q

What are the articulating bones of the shoulder joint?

A

Humerus and scapula.

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12
Q

What are the articulating bones of the knee joint?

A

Femur and tibia.

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13
Q

What are the articulating bones of the ankle joint?

A

Tibia, fibula, and talus.

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14
Q

What are the articulating bones of the elbow joint?

A

Humerus, radius, and ulna.

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15
Q

List the eight joint movements.

A
  • Flexion
  • Extension
  • Adduction
  • Abduction
  • Rotation
  • Circumduction
  • Plantar Flexion
  • Dorsiflexion
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16
Q

What is flexion?

A

Closing a joint, e.g., the elbow in preparation for a basketball throw.

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17
Q

What is extension?

A

Opening a joint, e.g., kicking a football.

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18
Q

What is adduction?

A

Moving towards an imaginary centre line, e.g., swinging a golf club.

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19
Q

What is abduction?

A

Moving away from an imaginary centre line, e.g., taking back a tennis racket before swinging it.

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20
Q

What is rotation?

A

Clockwise or anticlockwise movement of a limb, e.g., the shoulder movement during a top spin forehand in tennis.

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21
Q

What is circumduction?

A

Movement of a limb, hand, or foot in a circular motion, e.g., bowling a cricket ball overarm.

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22
Q

What is plantar flexion?

A

Extension at the ankle, e.g., pointing the toes during gymnastics.

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23
Q

What is dorsiflexion?

A

Flexion at the ankle, e.g., lifting the toes during gymnastics.

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24
Q

What are the two types of joints that need to be known?

A
  • Ball and socket
  • Hinge
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25
Q

True or False: Plantar flexion and dorsiflexion are the terms for extension and flexion at the ankle.

A

True

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26
Q

What are the three types of connective tissue in the skeletal system?

A
  • Ligaments
  • Tendons
  • Cartilage

These tissues play crucial roles in connecting and supporting bones and muscles.

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27
Q

What is the function of ligaments?

A

Hold bones together to restrict joint movement and maintain stability

Ligaments are made of tough and fibrous tissue, helping to prevent dislocation.

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28
Q

What do tendons do?

A

Attach muscles to bones (or other muscles) to facilitate movement

Tendons allow bones to move when muscles contract.

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29
Q

What is the role of cartilage in joints?

A

Acts as a cushion between bones, absorbing shock and preventing friction

Cartilage aids in the stability of a joint.

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30
Q

Define a synovial joint.

A

A joint that allows a wide range of movement and has a joint capsule supporting it

Examples include ball and socket joints and hinge joints.

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31
Q

What is the function of synovial fluid?

A

Lubricates the joint, allowing for easier movement

It is released by the synovial membrane into the joint capsule.

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32
Q

What are bursae in relation to synovial joints?

A

Sacs of fluid that reduce friction between bones and tissues in the joint

One bursa is referred to as a ‘bursa’.

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33
Q

What movements are involved in performing a push-up?

A
  • Flexion at the elbow
  • Extension at the elbow

These movements occur sequentially during the exercise.

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34
Q

List the movement types involved in running.

A
  • Flexion and extension at the knee
  • Plantar flexion and dorsiflexion at the ankle

These movements are essential for effective running.

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35
Q

What is circumduction of the shoulder?

A

A circular motion of the arm at the shoulder joint

This movement is often observed in activities like bowling.

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36
Q

What are the two main types of muscle contraction?

A

Isometric and isotonic

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37
Q

What is an isometric contraction?

A

The muscle stays the same length, and nothing moves

38
Q

What is an isotonic contraction?

A

The muscle changes length and something moves

39
Q

What happens during concentric contraction?

A

A muscle contracts and shortens

40
Q

What is an example of concentric contraction?

A

During the upward phase of a biceps curl

41
Q

What happens during eccentric contraction?

A

A muscle contracts and lengthens

42
Q

What is an example of eccentric contraction?

A

During the downward phase of a biceps curl

43
Q

What is the primary job of the cardiovascular system?

A

To move blood around your body

The cardiovascular system supports physical activity and sport by transporting essential substances.

44
Q

Name three substances transported by the cardiovascular system.

A
  • Oxygen
  • Carbon dioxide
  • Nutrients (e.g. glucose)

These substances are vital for energy release and waste removal during exercise.

45
Q

How does the cardiovascular system help during exercise?

A

By moving more blood nearer to the skin to cool the body

This helps prevent overheating during prolonged physical activity.

46
Q

What are the three main parts of the cardiovascular system?

A
  • The heart
  • Blood
  • Blood vessels

Blood vessels include arteries, veins, and capillaries.

47
Q

What is the role of the heart in the cardiovascular system?

A

To circulate blood to deliver oxygen and glucose to muscles and remove carbon dioxide

This circulation is essential during physical activity.

48
Q

What type of blood enters the right atrium?

A

Deoxygenated blood

This blood comes from the vena cava as the heart relaxes.

49
Q

Describe the sequence of blood flow starting from the right atrium.

A
  • Right atrium contracts
  • Blood moves to right ventricle
  • Right ventricle contracts
  • Blood is pushed to pulmonary artery
  • Blood travels to lungs for oxygenation

The exchange of gases occurs in the lungs.

50
Q

What happens to oxygenated blood after it enters the left atrium?

A

It moves to the left ventricle and is then pumped into the aorta

The aorta distributes oxygenated blood to the body.

51
Q

What are the chambers of the heart called?

A

Atria (plural of atrium) and ventricles

The heart has four chambers: an atrium and ventricle on each side.

52
Q

What is diastole?

A

The phase when the heart relaxes and fills with blood

Systole is the phase when the heart contracts and pumps blood out.

53
Q

True or False: The heart chambers relax and contract at different times.

A

False

Both sides of the heart relax and contract simultaneously.

54
Q

What is the process called when the body uses oxygen to release energy from glucose?

A

Aerobic respiration

The equation for aerobic respiration is: Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy.

55
Q

What is aerobic exercise?

A

Exercise in the presence of or using oxygen

It occurs when the body can keep up with the oxygen demand of its cells.

56
Q

What happens to carbon dioxide and water produced during aerobic respiration?

A

Carbon dioxide is breathed out and water is lost as sweat, urine, or in the air breathed out

These are byproducts of aerobic respiration.

57
Q

How do marathon runners primarily get their energy?

A

Through aerobic respiration

This is the most efficient way to produce energy for long-duration exercises.

58
Q

What is anaerobic exercise?

A

Exercise in the absence of enough oxygen, or without oxygen

This occurs when the body cannot supply all the oxygen needed during vigorous exercise.

59
Q

What byproduct is produced during anaerobic respiration?

A

Lactic acid

This occurs because anaerobic respiration does not use oxygen.

60
Q

What type of exercise is anaerobic respiration associated with?

A

Short duration, high intensity exercise

The heart and lungs cannot supply blood and oxygen to muscles quickly enough during this type of exercise.

61
Q

What fuels does the body primarily use during aerobic exercise?

A

Carbohydrates and fats

Carbohydrates are the body’s main source of fuel, while fats provide more energy at lower intensities.

62
Q

Fill in the blank: Fats are primarily used as fuel for _______ exercise.

A

aerobic

Fats provide more energy than carbohydrates but are used at lower intensities.

63
Q

What is the main source of fuel for high intensity anaerobic exercise?

A

Carbohydrates

They are used because fats cannot be utilized for high intensity workouts.

64
Q

What can athletes do to improve their aerobic or anaerobic capacity?

A

Adapt their training intensity

Training can be tailored to enhance performance in either aerobic or anaerobic exercise.

65
Q

What are the short-term effects of exercise on the muscular system?

A

Effects include:
* Extra energy release for movement
* Heat generation
* Lactic acid production
* Muscle pain and fatigue from lactic acid build-up
* Oxygen debt (EPOC)
* Need for rest or low-intensity periods

66
Q

What is lactic acid and how does it affect the muscles during exercise?

A

Lactic acid is produced during anaerobic exercise, leading to:
* Lactate accumulation
* Muscle pain
* Muscle fatigue

67
Q

What is oxygen debt in the context of exercise?

A

Oxygen debt, or ‘EPOC’, is the amount of oxygen needed to remove lactic acid and recover after exercise

68
Q

What are some aftereffects of a strenuous workout?

A

Aftereffects can include:
* Tiredness
* Nausea
* Light-headedness
* Delayed onset of muscle soreness (DOMS)
* Muscle cramps

69
Q

What role do the pectorals and sternocleidomastoid muscles play during exercise?

A

They expand the lungs to allow more air intake during exercise

70
Q

How does exercise affect the depth and rate of breathing?

A

Exercise increases:
* Depth of breathing (tidal volume)
* Rate of breathing (breaths per minute)

71
Q

What is the significance of increased breathing during exercise?

A

Increased breathing helps to:
* Meet oxygen demand in muscles
* Exhale extra carbon dioxide produced during aerobic respiration

72
Q

What happens to breathing rate and depth after anaerobic exercise?

A

Breathing rate and depth remain elevated until sufficient oxygen is taken in to ‘pay off’ oxygen debt

73
Q

Fill in the blank: The cool-down can help prevent _______.

A

delayed onset of muscle soreness (DOMS)

74
Q

What is the average resting heart rate for an adult?

A

60-100 bpm

75
Q

What is stroke volume?

A

The amount of blood each ventricle pumps with each contraction

76
Q

What happens to heart rate and stroke volume during exercise?

A

Both increase

77
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

The volume of blood pumped by a ventricle per minute

78
Q

How is cardiac output calculated?

A

Cardiac output (Q) = heart rate x stroke volume

79
Q

What happens to blood pressure during exercise?

A

It increases

80
Q

What do increased cardiac output and blood pressure provide to muscles?

A

Increased blood and oxygen supply

81
Q

What does the body do with carbon dioxide produced in muscles during exercise?

A

It is transported to the lungs to be exhaled

82
Q

What is oxygen debt?

A

The amount of oxygen required to restore the body to its resting state after exercise

83
Q

What changes occur in blood vessels during exercise?

A

Blood is redistributed to increase oxygen supply to muscles

84
Q

What happens to arteries during exercise?

A

They widen to manage blood pressure and increase blood supply

85
Q

What happens to blood supply to organs like the gut and liver during intense exercise?

A

Blood is redirected to the muscles

86
Q

What is vasodilation?

A

The widening of arterioles serving muscles to allow more blood flow

87
Q

What role does the skin play during exercise?

A

Helps dissipate heat through radiation

88
Q

What happens to blood redistribution during light versus intense exercise?

A

Less blood is moved towards muscles during light exercise compared to intense exercise

89
Q

Fill in the blank: During exercise, your heart rate, stroke volume, and cardiac output will remain higher than normal until any _______ is paid off.

A

Oxygen debt

90
Q

What physiological change occurs as muscles work during exercise?

A

They generate heat

91
Q

What happens to the blood that is warmed by working muscles?

A

It moves closer to the skin to help dissipate heat

PE (4 decks)

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